Bio 431 Exam 4 Questions with
Complete Solutions
ultimate effects of cortisol - ANSWER--Glucoogenissis- production of glucose from
glycerol and amino acids
-stimulates the sympathetic division (vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure)
-Resist stress, gluconeogenesis (anti-immune in excess) which suppresses
inflammatory and immune responses
How is cortisol release stimulated in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
ANSWER--ACTH via CRH due to physiological stressors
-Pshyciological factors:
-Fever
-Infection
-Hemorrhage
-Hypoglycemia
How is cortisol release inhibited in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
ANSWER--Feedback inhibition by cortisol (overridden by higher brain centers during
acure/chronic stress)
What are the targets of epinephrine? - ANSWER-cardiac and smooth muscles, most
other cells
What are the basic rules for chemical reactions in metabolic pathways? - ANSWER-
1. Conservation of matter and energy meaning electrons cannot be created or
destroyed, just rearranged
2. Formation, breaking, rearranging of chemical (covalent) bonds between atoms to
produce a new product
3. Reversibility of reactions determined by equilibria and enzyme availability
4. Rate of reactions determined by temperature, concentration, size, and catalysts
(enzymes)
5. Enzymes, proteins encoded by genes, lower reaction activation energy and are
highly specific
6. What are the significant catabolic pathways? - ANSWER-1. general breakdown
2. oxidation
7. What is the purpose of general breakdown catabolism? - ANSWER-to create new
products the body needs
, 8. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of lipolysis? - ANSWER-Lipolysis: breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in
the liver and skeletal muscles
9. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of glycogenolysis? - ANSWER--Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen into glucose
-In the liver, Glycogen gets converted into phosphorylase and mutates into
phosphate and ends at phosphatase which removes phosphate into blood sugar.
10. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of proteolysis? - ANSWER-Proteolysis: breakdown of protein into amino acids
12. What molecules are oxidized to produce ATP? - ANSWER-Sugars
oxidation of glucose equation - ANSWER-C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38
ATP
15. What are the three pathways involved in the complete oxidation of glucose? -
ANSWER--Kreb cycle
-Electron transport chain
-Substrate level phosphorylation: Production of ATP by the chemical reaction of ADP
and reactive intermediates
16. What are the key features of glycolysis, including location, starting substances,
products, quantity of ATP produced, and quantity of reduced coenzymes produced?
- ANSWER--Reduced Coenzymes: NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and H+
and FADH2
2 ATP enzymes produced
-Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells because that is where the enzymes
are located
-Glucose is converted to intermediates because it needs to be larger to stay withing
the cell
-It then divides and rearranges using ATP and becomes oxidized
17. What are the key features of Krebs cycle, including location, starting substances,
products, quantity of ATP produced, and quantity of reduced coenzymes produced?
- ANSWER-Location: mitochondria
Starting Substances: Acetyl CoA
Products:oxaloacetic acid
Quantity of ATP Produced: 28 ATP
Quantity of reduced coenzyme: 6 NADH+H+ and 2 FADH2
18. What are the key features of the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation, including location, starting substances, products, quantity of ATP
produced, and quantity of coenzymes produced? - ANSWER--Location:
Mitochondria
-Starting Substances: NADH+ and FADH2
-Products: NAD+ and FAD and H2O and ATP
-Quantity of ATP Produced: ATP
Complete Solutions
ultimate effects of cortisol - ANSWER--Glucoogenissis- production of glucose from
glycerol and amino acids
-stimulates the sympathetic division (vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure)
-Resist stress, gluconeogenesis (anti-immune in excess) which suppresses
inflammatory and immune responses
How is cortisol release stimulated in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
ANSWER--ACTH via CRH due to physiological stressors
-Pshyciological factors:
-Fever
-Infection
-Hemorrhage
-Hypoglycemia
How is cortisol release inhibited in order to maintain homeostatic levels? -
ANSWER--Feedback inhibition by cortisol (overridden by higher brain centers during
acure/chronic stress)
What are the targets of epinephrine? - ANSWER-cardiac and smooth muscles, most
other cells
What are the basic rules for chemical reactions in metabolic pathways? - ANSWER-
1. Conservation of matter and energy meaning electrons cannot be created or
destroyed, just rearranged
2. Formation, breaking, rearranging of chemical (covalent) bonds between atoms to
produce a new product
3. Reversibility of reactions determined by equilibria and enzyme availability
4. Rate of reactions determined by temperature, concentration, size, and catalysts
(enzymes)
5. Enzymes, proteins encoded by genes, lower reaction activation energy and are
highly specific
6. What are the significant catabolic pathways? - ANSWER-1. general breakdown
2. oxidation
7. What is the purpose of general breakdown catabolism? - ANSWER-to create new
products the body needs
, 8. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of lipolysis? - ANSWER-Lipolysis: breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in
the liver and skeletal muscles
9. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of glycogenolysis? - ANSWER--Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen into glucose
-In the liver, Glycogen gets converted into phosphorylase and mutates into
phosphate and ends at phosphatase which removes phosphate into blood sugar.
10. What are the key features, including starting substances, products, and location,
of proteolysis? - ANSWER-Proteolysis: breakdown of protein into amino acids
12. What molecules are oxidized to produce ATP? - ANSWER-Sugars
oxidation of glucose equation - ANSWER-C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38
ATP
15. What are the three pathways involved in the complete oxidation of glucose? -
ANSWER--Kreb cycle
-Electron transport chain
-Substrate level phosphorylation: Production of ATP by the chemical reaction of ADP
and reactive intermediates
16. What are the key features of glycolysis, including location, starting substances,
products, quantity of ATP produced, and quantity of reduced coenzymes produced?
- ANSWER--Reduced Coenzymes: NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and H+
and FADH2
2 ATP enzymes produced
-Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells because that is where the enzymes
are located
-Glucose is converted to intermediates because it needs to be larger to stay withing
the cell
-It then divides and rearranges using ATP and becomes oxidized
17. What are the key features of Krebs cycle, including location, starting substances,
products, quantity of ATP produced, and quantity of reduced coenzymes produced?
- ANSWER-Location: mitochondria
Starting Substances: Acetyl CoA
Products:oxaloacetic acid
Quantity of ATP Produced: 28 ATP
Quantity of reduced coenzyme: 6 NADH+H+ and 2 FADH2
18. What are the key features of the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation, including location, starting substances, products, quantity of ATP
produced, and quantity of coenzymes produced? - ANSWER--Location:
Mitochondria
-Starting Substances: NADH+ and FADH2
-Products: NAD+ and FAD and H2O and ATP
-Quantity of ATP Produced: ATP
