NUR 545 Unit 1 NEWEST VERSION 2025-2026
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED
ANSWERS \VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+\Physio-Patho
Basis of Advanced Nsg, University of South Alabama
No. For example, most of the neurons and skeletal
Do all cells continue to muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state;
replicate and divide? with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the
molecular regulatory switches become permanently
turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
When normal columnar Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial lining
are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells,
the
process is called?
An anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolic pathway can
synthesize ATP. This process called substrate
phosphorylation, or anaerobic glycolysis, is linked to the
What is the relation between breakdown (glycolysis) of carbohydrates. The
ischemia and ATP? reactions in anaerobic glycolysis involve the
conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with
the simultaneous production of ATP. If oxygen is
absent, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is
released
into the extracellular fluid. Elevated lactate level is
indicative of tissue hypoxia or low oxygen
concentration (pp.26 & 27) As lactic acid increases,
oxygen decreases
(hypoxia), cell tissues...this is reversible if oxygen is reintroduced...
, A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+) and
sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular
swelling and diffusion of potassium out of the cell (p.
51)
Cellular swelling, the most common degenerative
change, is caused by the shift of extracellular water
When does sodium enter
into the cell. In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and
the cell and cause
ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of
swelling?
metabolism and loss of ATP production.
Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions (Na+)
out of the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP in
adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), the active transport
enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia,
reduced levels of ATP and ATPase permit sodium to
accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium (K+) diffuses
outward.
The increase of intracellular sodium concentration
increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water
into the cell. The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum
become distended, rupture, and coalesce to form large
vacuoles that isolate the water from the cytoplasm, a
process called vacuolation. Progressive vacuolation
results in
cytoplasmic swelling called oncosis or vacuolar
degeneration. If cellular swelling affects all cells in an
organ, the organ increases in weight and becomes
distended
and pale. Cellular swelling is reversible and an early
manifestation of almost all types of cellular injury
(p.84)
, A free radical is any molecular species capable of independent
existence that
contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; The molecule becomes stabilized either by
donating or by accepting an electron from another
molecule. When the attacked molecule loses its
electron, it becomes a free radical. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious
What are free radicals in chemical bond formation with DNA, RNA, proteins,
relation to cell damage? lipids, and carbohydrates- many other key molecules
Progression of diseases? in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radicals are
difficult to
control and initiate chain reactions. With low chemical
specificity and high reactivity, free radicals can react
with most molecules in their proximity.
An important mechanism of membrane damage is
injury induced by free radicals, especially by a
disturbance in the balance between the production
of ROS and antioxidant defenses called oxidative
stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by an increase
of different reactive species or depletion of antioxidant
defense, or both, and result in detrimental oxidation of
different molecules including proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and others. Oxidative stress can activate
several intracellular signaling pathways because ROS
can modulate enzymes and transcription factors. This
process is an important mechanism of cell damage and
many conditions, including cell injury, cancer, certain
degenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease), and aging
(p. 54).
Lead is a toxic heavy metal. Developing fetuses and
young children absorb lead more easily, susceptibility
to brain damage. Organ systems affected: nervous,
hematopoietic, reproductive, gastrointestinal,
Know all about lead cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, as well as kidneys.
poisoning. How does it Exposure occurs via inhalation, ingestion and skin
cause damage within the contact. Lead exposure damages or destroys the
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED
ANSWERS \VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+\Physio-Patho
Basis of Advanced Nsg, University of South Alabama
No. For example, most of the neurons and skeletal
Do all cells continue to muscle cells are in a terminally differentiated G0 state;
replicate and divide? with their cell cycle control system disassembled, the
molecular regulatory switches become permanently
turned off and cell division rarely occurs (p. 37)
When normal columnar Bronchial metaplasia (p. 49)
ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial lining
are replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells,
the
process is called?
An anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolic pathway can
synthesize ATP. This process called substrate
phosphorylation, or anaerobic glycolysis, is linked to the
What is the relation between breakdown (glycolysis) of carbohydrates. The
ischemia and ATP? reactions in anaerobic glycolysis involve the
conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with
the simultaneous production of ATP. If oxygen is
absent, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is
released
into the extracellular fluid. Elevated lactate level is
indicative of tissue hypoxia or low oxygen
concentration (pp.26 & 27) As lactic acid increases,
oxygen decreases
(hypoxia), cell tissues...this is reversible if oxygen is reintroduced...
, A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma
membrane's sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+) and
sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium, resulting in cellular
swelling and diffusion of potassium out of the cell (p.
51)
Cellular swelling, the most common degenerative
change, is caused by the shift of extracellular water
When does sodium enter
into the cell. In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and
the cell and cause
ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of
swelling?
metabolism and loss of ATP production.
Normally, the pump that transports sodium ions (Na+)
out of the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP in
adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase), the active transport
enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia,
reduced levels of ATP and ATPase permit sodium to
accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium (K+) diffuses
outward.
The increase of intracellular sodium concentration
increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water
into the cell. The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum
become distended, rupture, and coalesce to form large
vacuoles that isolate the water from the cytoplasm, a
process called vacuolation. Progressive vacuolation
results in
cytoplasmic swelling called oncosis or vacuolar
degeneration. If cellular swelling affects all cells in an
organ, the organ increases in weight and becomes
distended
and pale. Cellular swelling is reversible and an early
manifestation of almost all types of cellular injury
(p.84)
, A free radical is any molecular species capable of independent
existence that
contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; The molecule becomes stabilized either by
donating or by accepting an electron from another
molecule. When the attacked molecule loses its
electron, it becomes a free radical. Therefore, it is
capable of injurious
What are free radicals in chemical bond formation with DNA, RNA, proteins,
relation to cell damage? lipids, and carbohydrates- many other key molecules
Progression of diseases? in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radicals are
difficult to
control and initiate chain reactions. With low chemical
specificity and high reactivity, free radicals can react
with most molecules in their proximity.
An important mechanism of membrane damage is
injury induced by free radicals, especially by a
disturbance in the balance between the production
of ROS and antioxidant defenses called oxidative
stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by an increase
of different reactive species or depletion of antioxidant
defense, or both, and result in detrimental oxidation of
different molecules including proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and others. Oxidative stress can activate
several intracellular signaling pathways because ROS
can modulate enzymes and transcription factors. This
process is an important mechanism of cell damage and
many conditions, including cell injury, cancer, certain
degenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease), and aging
(p. 54).
Lead is a toxic heavy metal. Developing fetuses and
young children absorb lead more easily, susceptibility
to brain damage. Organ systems affected: nervous,
hematopoietic, reproductive, gastrointestinal,
Know all about lead cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, as well as kidneys.
poisoning. How does it Exposure occurs via inhalation, ingestion and skin
cause damage within the contact. Lead exposure damages or destroys the
