Medical Physiology and Pharmacology Final Exam
2025 -2026 \Updated questions and accurate
detailed answers\Verified 100% \Graded A+
Effective bronchodilators, increase cAMP in smooth
Pharmacological use of beta-2
agonists. muscle cells and decrease bronchial tone, little anti-
inflammatory effect
Potassium sparing drug. Blocks aldosterone from
Mechanism of spironolactone.
acting on receptor in principal cells to activate Na/K
ATPase as well as inhibiting encoding of ENaC.
Essential- Typical hypertension
Difference between essential
and secondary
Secondary- Caused by existing disease such as renal, thyroid, or
hypertension. endocrine disease
Nomenclature of alpha Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
adrenergic receptor
antagonists used to Lower peripheral resistance lowering blood pressure
treat hypertension.
Stimulates target tissue IGF-1 expression increasing
Mechanism of action of
somatropin muscle mass and reducing adiposity
Oxytocin: Induce labor
Clinical use of posterior
Vasopressin (ADH): Used as a pressor and antidiuretic.
pituitary hormones
Treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, and
coagulopathy
Bind to glucocorticoid receptors. Ligand-bound
Mechanism of action of receptor complex binds to DNA at glucocorticoid
glucocorticoids
receptor element (GRE) to regulate transcription.
Ligand-bound
receptor can also bind other transcription factors.
Hypothyroidism: Levothyroxine and Liothyronine
Drugs used to treat thyroid
disorders Hyperthyroidism: I 131 isotope, Thioamides, KI, Propranolol
Toxicity of thioamide drugs Can increase risk of agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity,
use to treat hyperthyroidism aplastic anemia, vasculitis, itching, joint pain, fever
, Role of calcium in treatment of Treats hypoparathyroidism due to pathological low levels of
parathyroid disorders calcium
Type 1: Changes in lifestyle, diet, insulin therapy, pramlintide
Therapeutic strategies for
treating type 1 and type 2
Type 2: Changes in lifestyle, diet, oral hypoglycemics, GLP-1
diabetes mimetics, Pramlintide
Adverse reactions and Nausea, diarrhea, contraindicated in patients with renal
contraindications of impairment, hepatic diseases, heart problems,
metformin acidosis, blood infection, etc
Pharmacokinetic Testosterone enanthate (IM) works the best to raise
profiles of different serum testosterone levels followed by the patch
administration methods of and then the gel.
testosterone
formulations
Estrogen: Decreases FSH altering oocyte transport and uterine
Mechanism of action for endometrium
estrogen and progesterone
Progestin: Decreases LH altering oocyte transport and
as oral contraceptives
uterine endometrium, also alters cervical mucous and
sperm transport inhibiting ovulation
Mechanism of action of Inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and increase bone
bisphosphonates for the mineral density
treatment of osteoporosis
Administered as prodrug with enteric coating to protect from
Activation of proton pump
stomach juices.
inhibitors
Prodrug is broken down in intestine entering parietal cell and
blocks H-K-ATPase
2025 -2026 \Updated questions and accurate
detailed answers\Verified 100% \Graded A+
Effective bronchodilators, increase cAMP in smooth
Pharmacological use of beta-2
agonists. muscle cells and decrease bronchial tone, little anti-
inflammatory effect
Potassium sparing drug. Blocks aldosterone from
Mechanism of spironolactone.
acting on receptor in principal cells to activate Na/K
ATPase as well as inhibiting encoding of ENaC.
Essential- Typical hypertension
Difference between essential
and secondary
Secondary- Caused by existing disease such as renal, thyroid, or
hypertension. endocrine disease
Nomenclature of alpha Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
adrenergic receptor
antagonists used to Lower peripheral resistance lowering blood pressure
treat hypertension.
Stimulates target tissue IGF-1 expression increasing
Mechanism of action of
somatropin muscle mass and reducing adiposity
Oxytocin: Induce labor
Clinical use of posterior
Vasopressin (ADH): Used as a pressor and antidiuretic.
pituitary hormones
Treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, and
coagulopathy
Bind to glucocorticoid receptors. Ligand-bound
Mechanism of action of receptor complex binds to DNA at glucocorticoid
glucocorticoids
receptor element (GRE) to regulate transcription.
Ligand-bound
receptor can also bind other transcription factors.
Hypothyroidism: Levothyroxine and Liothyronine
Drugs used to treat thyroid
disorders Hyperthyroidism: I 131 isotope, Thioamides, KI, Propranolol
Toxicity of thioamide drugs Can increase risk of agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity,
use to treat hyperthyroidism aplastic anemia, vasculitis, itching, joint pain, fever
, Role of calcium in treatment of Treats hypoparathyroidism due to pathological low levels of
parathyroid disorders calcium
Type 1: Changes in lifestyle, diet, insulin therapy, pramlintide
Therapeutic strategies for
treating type 1 and type 2
Type 2: Changes in lifestyle, diet, oral hypoglycemics, GLP-1
diabetes mimetics, Pramlintide
Adverse reactions and Nausea, diarrhea, contraindicated in patients with renal
contraindications of impairment, hepatic diseases, heart problems,
metformin acidosis, blood infection, etc
Pharmacokinetic Testosterone enanthate (IM) works the best to raise
profiles of different serum testosterone levels followed by the patch
administration methods of and then the gel.
testosterone
formulations
Estrogen: Decreases FSH altering oocyte transport and uterine
Mechanism of action for endometrium
estrogen and progesterone
Progestin: Decreases LH altering oocyte transport and
as oral contraceptives
uterine endometrium, also alters cervical mucous and
sperm transport inhibiting ovulation
Mechanism of action of Inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and increase bone
bisphosphonates for the mineral density
treatment of osteoporosis
Administered as prodrug with enteric coating to protect from
Activation of proton pump
stomach juices.
inhibitors
Prodrug is broken down in intestine entering parietal cell and
blocks H-K-ATPase
