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Sensitivity
defined as the ability of a test to detect a person who has the disease.
Specificity
defined as the ability of a test to detect a person who is healthy or to detect the person without
the disease.
Trauma to Kiesselbachs plexus
will result in an anterior nosebleed
The diagnostic or gold standard test for sickle cell anemia, G6PD anemia, and alpha or beta
thalassemia
hemoglobin electrophoresis
questions asking for "action"
the initial action might be to interview and gather subjective data or the history
erythromycin "allergy" vs adverse reaction
adverse reactio-symptoms of nausea or GI upset
allergy -hives, angioedema
acute mononucleosis
the patient will most likely be a teen presenting with the classic triad of sore throat, prolonged
fatigue, and enlarged cervical nodes.
Alpha thalassemia
more common among Southeast Asians such as filipinos
,Lupus
present with malar rash(butterfly rash)Pts need to avoid or to minimize sunlight
exposure(photosensitivity)
treatment for polymyalgic rheumatica(PMR)
first line treatment for PMR includes long-term steroids. Long term steroids are commonly used
to control symptoms(pain, stiffness on shoulders, and hip girdle). PMR pts have higher risk for
temporal arteritis.
Gold standard exam for temporal arteritis
biopsy of the temporal artery. refer pt to opthalmologist for mgt
Finkelstein's test
Positive in De Quervains tenosynovitis
Anterior Drawer maneuver and Lachman maneuver
Positive if anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of knee damaged. The knee may also be unstable
McMurray's sign
Positive in meniscus injuries of the knee
Damaged Joints
order X-ray first, but MRI is the Gold Standard
Diabetic retinopathy
neovascularization, hard exudates, cotton wool spots, and micoaneurysms
Hypertensive retinopathy
AV nicking, silver and or copper wire arterioles
Checking deep tendon reflexes
absent(0),
hypoactive (1)
normal(2)
hyperactive(3)
clonus(4)
define clonus
, Clonus is typically seen in patients with stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord damage and
hepatic encephalopathy. Clonus has also appeared after ingesting potent serotonergic drugs,
where ingestion strongly predicts imminent serotonin toxicity (serotonin syndrome). Clonus is a
series of involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations. Clonus is a sign of certain
neurological conditions, particularly associated with upper motor neuron lesions involving
descending motor pathways, and in many cases is, accompanied by spasticity (another form of
hyperexcitability).Unlike small, spontaneous twitches known as fasciculations (usually caused by
lower motor neuron pathology), clonus causes large motions that are usually initiated by a
reflex.
A rare but serious adverse effect of ACE inhibitors is
angioedema
A common side effect of ACE inhibitors is a
dry cough(10%)
First line drug to treat hypertension in diabetics and patients with mild renal disease because of
their renal protective properties
ACE inhibitors or ARBS
Penicillin
amoxicillin(broad-spectrum PCN) Penicillin VK
Macrolide
erythromycin, azithromycin(Z-Pack), or clarithromycin(Biaxin)
Cephalosporins:
1st generation(Keflex), 2nd generation(Cefaclor, Ceftin, Cefzil)3rd generation(Rocephin, Suprax,
Omnicef)
Quinolones with gram positive coverage
levofloxacin(Levaquin), moxifloxacin(Avelox), gatifloxacin(Tequin)
Quinolones
ciprofloxacin(Cipro), ofloxacin(Floxin)
Sulfa
trimethoprim/sulfamethazole(Bactrim, Septra), nitrofurantoin(Macrobid),