CSD Exam 2 Questions Answered Correctly Rated 100%
Stuttering - Answers Repetition of sounds, syllables, or words, the prolongation of sounds, and
visible struggle behavior.
Cluttering - Answers Rapid irregular speech, disorganized thoughts, and excessive filler words.
Cluttering does not have struggle behavior.
Risk Factors for Stuttering - Answers Children with other speech and language problems or
developmental delays are more likely to stutter. Problems in speech motor coordination and
timing may also contribute.
Family Dynamics and Stuttering - Answers High expectations and fast-paced lifestyles can
contribute to stuttering.
Neurogenic Stuttering - Answers Caused by stroke, TBI, and other brain disorders that lead to
slow speech with pauses or repeated sounds.
Risk Factors for Cluttering - Answers Almost always coexists with disorders such as attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorders, specific learning disabilities, articulation disorders, language
disorders, central auditory processing disorders, and stuttering.
Neurological Differences in Cluttering - Answers Risks also include neurological differences and
family history of speech disorders.
Core Behaviors of Stuttering - Answers Behaviors that interrupt the forward flow, rate, and
rhythm of speech: Repetitions, Prolongations, and Blocks.
Repetitions - Answers Most frequently among children beginning to stutter.
Prolongations - Answers Appear somewhat later in the speech of children beginning to stutter.
Blocks - Answers Can happen at the phonatory or articulatory levels of the speech mechanism.
Secondary Behaviors of Stuttering - Answers Learned physical movements or reactions that
accompany stuttering episodes to cope with or escape the moment of disfluency. Visible Overt
Behaviors and avoidance behaviors
Visible Overt Behaviors - Answers Behaviors such as losing eye contact, blinking eyes rapidly,
tensing facial muscles, furrowing the forehead, jerking the head, tensing or raising the shoulders,
clenching the fist, tapping a foot.
Avoidance Behaviors - Answers Word or sound avoidance: anticipate a stutter and use another
word, and Circumlocution.
Developmental Disfluency - Answers Part of normal speech fluency development when the
young child is learning language, including repetitions of words and phrases, interjections, and
, revisions of intended utterances.
Normal Disfluencies - Answers Include revisions, phrase repetitions, hesitations, and
interjections.
Fluent Speech - Answers Continually with smoothness and rate with minimal effort in speech
production.
Hearing Loss Susceptibility - Answers Individuals of all ages can be susceptible to hearing loss
due to a variety of causes.
Anatomical Path of Sound Waves - Answers Sound waves are funneled by the outer ear into the
ear canal, vibrate the eardrum, amplified by the three tiny bones of the middle ear, transmitted to
the cochlea, converted to electrical signals by hair cells, and sent to the brain for interpretation.
Pinna - Answers What we see! Composed of cartilage and skin. Serves to amplify sound and
aids in the ability to locate where the sound originates (localization). Captures sound and
funnels it into external ear meatus. (outer Ear)
External auditory meatus (canal) - Answers A skin-covered tube extending from the outer ear to
the tympanic membrane. Acts as a resonator, amplifying certain sounds as they enter the ear.
(outer ear)
Cerumen - Answers Earwax is a natural substance that helps protect and clean the ear.
Tympanic membrane - Answers Marks the boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear.
Thin, strong, circular structure that vibrates in response to sound waves. When torn, hearing
loss can be present to varying degrees. (middle ear)
Eustachian tube - Answers Ventilates the middle ear. Connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx and is closed most of the time. Opens during chewing, yawning, and swallowing to
equalize pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane. (middle ear)
What are the three bones of the middle ear? - Answers Malleus, Incus, Stapes
What is the function of the Malleus? - Answers It is attached to the tympanic membrane.
What is the function of the Incus? - Answers It is attached to the upper portion of the Malleus.
What is the function of the Stapes? - Answers It is attached to the Incus and the oval window.
What is the smallest bone in the body? - Answers Stapes
What does the oval window do? - Answers It transmits sound waves to the cochlea.
Cochlea - Answers Spiral-shaped bony structure. Sends auditory information to the brain via the
auditory nerve. (inner ear)
Stuttering - Answers Repetition of sounds, syllables, or words, the prolongation of sounds, and
visible struggle behavior.
Cluttering - Answers Rapid irregular speech, disorganized thoughts, and excessive filler words.
Cluttering does not have struggle behavior.
Risk Factors for Stuttering - Answers Children with other speech and language problems or
developmental delays are more likely to stutter. Problems in speech motor coordination and
timing may also contribute.
Family Dynamics and Stuttering - Answers High expectations and fast-paced lifestyles can
contribute to stuttering.
Neurogenic Stuttering - Answers Caused by stroke, TBI, and other brain disorders that lead to
slow speech with pauses or repeated sounds.
Risk Factors for Cluttering - Answers Almost always coexists with disorders such as attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorders, specific learning disabilities, articulation disorders, language
disorders, central auditory processing disorders, and stuttering.
Neurological Differences in Cluttering - Answers Risks also include neurological differences and
family history of speech disorders.
Core Behaviors of Stuttering - Answers Behaviors that interrupt the forward flow, rate, and
rhythm of speech: Repetitions, Prolongations, and Blocks.
Repetitions - Answers Most frequently among children beginning to stutter.
Prolongations - Answers Appear somewhat later in the speech of children beginning to stutter.
Blocks - Answers Can happen at the phonatory or articulatory levels of the speech mechanism.
Secondary Behaviors of Stuttering - Answers Learned physical movements or reactions that
accompany stuttering episodes to cope with or escape the moment of disfluency. Visible Overt
Behaviors and avoidance behaviors
Visible Overt Behaviors - Answers Behaviors such as losing eye contact, blinking eyes rapidly,
tensing facial muscles, furrowing the forehead, jerking the head, tensing or raising the shoulders,
clenching the fist, tapping a foot.
Avoidance Behaviors - Answers Word or sound avoidance: anticipate a stutter and use another
word, and Circumlocution.
Developmental Disfluency - Answers Part of normal speech fluency development when the
young child is learning language, including repetitions of words and phrases, interjections, and
, revisions of intended utterances.
Normal Disfluencies - Answers Include revisions, phrase repetitions, hesitations, and
interjections.
Fluent Speech - Answers Continually with smoothness and rate with minimal effort in speech
production.
Hearing Loss Susceptibility - Answers Individuals of all ages can be susceptible to hearing loss
due to a variety of causes.
Anatomical Path of Sound Waves - Answers Sound waves are funneled by the outer ear into the
ear canal, vibrate the eardrum, amplified by the three tiny bones of the middle ear, transmitted to
the cochlea, converted to electrical signals by hair cells, and sent to the brain for interpretation.
Pinna - Answers What we see! Composed of cartilage and skin. Serves to amplify sound and
aids in the ability to locate where the sound originates (localization). Captures sound and
funnels it into external ear meatus. (outer Ear)
External auditory meatus (canal) - Answers A skin-covered tube extending from the outer ear to
the tympanic membrane. Acts as a resonator, amplifying certain sounds as they enter the ear.
(outer ear)
Cerumen - Answers Earwax is a natural substance that helps protect and clean the ear.
Tympanic membrane - Answers Marks the boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear.
Thin, strong, circular structure that vibrates in response to sound waves. When torn, hearing
loss can be present to varying degrees. (middle ear)
Eustachian tube - Answers Ventilates the middle ear. Connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx and is closed most of the time. Opens during chewing, yawning, and swallowing to
equalize pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane. (middle ear)
What are the three bones of the middle ear? - Answers Malleus, Incus, Stapes
What is the function of the Malleus? - Answers It is attached to the tympanic membrane.
What is the function of the Incus? - Answers It is attached to the upper portion of the Malleus.
What is the function of the Stapes? - Answers It is attached to the Incus and the oval window.
What is the smallest bone in the body? - Answers Stapes
What does the oval window do? - Answers It transmits sound waves to the cochlea.
Cochlea - Answers Spiral-shaped bony structure. Sends auditory information to the brain via the
auditory nerve. (inner ear)
