EDEXCEL GCSE (9-1)
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fAims 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fThe 8b7fextent 8b7fto 8b7fwhich 8b7fchildren
8b7fof 8b7fdifferent 8b7fages 8b7fwere 8b7fable 8b7fto 8b7ftake 8b7fthe 8b7fview 8b7fof 8b7fanother 8b7fperson
> 8b7fChildren's 8b7foverall 8b7fsystem 8b7fof 8b7fputting 8b7ftogether 8b7fa 8b7fnumber 8b7fof
8b7fdifferent 8b7fviews 8b7fof 8b7fwhat 8b7fthey 8b7fsee
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fProcedure 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fIn 8b7ftotal 8b7f100 8b7fchildren
8b7fages 8b7f4-12 8b7fwere 8b7finvolved.
> 8b7fThey 8b7fmade 8b7fa 8b7fmodel 8b7fof 8b7fthree 8b7fmountains 8b7fand 8b7ftook 8b7ften 8b7fphotos
8b7ffrom 8b7fdifferent 8b7fpositions 8b7faround 8b7fthe 8b7fmodel.
> 8b7fChild 8b7fasked 8b7fto 8b7fuse 8b7fthe 8b7fcardboard 8b7fshapes 8b7fto 8b7fshow 8b7fhow 8b7fthe
8b7fmountains 8b7flooked 8b7ffrom 8b7fdifferent 8b7fviewpoints. 8b7f
> 8b7fChild 8b7fshown 8b7ften 8b7fphotos 8b7fand 8b7fasked 8b7fwhich 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fcould 8b7fsee.
> 8b7fChild 8b7fchose 8b7fa 8b7fpicture 8b7fand 8b7fhad 8b7fto 8b7fposition 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fso 8b7fthat 8b7fit
8b7fcould 8b7fsee 8b7fit.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fFindings 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fin 8b7fthe 8b7fpre-
operational 8b7fstage 8b7fchooses 8b7fpictures, 8b7fplaces 8b7fand 8b7fcardboard 8b7fto 8b7fshow
8b7ftheir 8b7fown 8b7fview. 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fcannot 8b7fshow 8b7fthe 8b7fview 8b7fof 8b7fsomeone
8b7felse. 8b7f
> 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fin 8b7fconcrete 8b7foperations 8b7f(7-9) 8b7fstarts 8b7fto 8b7funderstand 8b7fthat
8b7fsomeone 8b7fhas 8b7fa 8b7fdifferent 8b7fview. 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7f(9-10) 8b7fcan 8b7funderstand
8b7fthat 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fhas 8b7fa 8b7fdifferent 8b7fview.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fConclusion 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fChildren 8b7fup 8b7fto 8b7f7 8b7fyears
8b7fold 8b7fare 8b7fegocentric 8b7falthough 8b7ftowards 8b7fthe 8b7fend 8b7fof 8b7fthe 8b7fpre-
operational 8b7fstage 8b7fthey 8b7fbegin 8b7fto 8b7funderstand 8b7fviewpoint.
> 8b7fOlder 8b7fchildren 8b7fare 8b7fnon-egocentric. 8b7fThey 8b7fcan 8b7fconstruct 8b7fmental
8b7fimages 8b7fof 8b7fwhat 8b7fothers 8b7fcan 8b7fsee.
> 8b7fProvides 8b7fevidence 8b7ffor 8b7fthe 8b7fstages 8b7fof 8b7fdevelopment, 8b7fpre-operational
8b7fare 8b7fegocentric 8b7fwhereas 8b7fconcrete 8b7foperations 8b7fcan 8b7fcoordinate 8b7fdifferent
8b7fviewpoints.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fStrengths 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fProvided 8b7fgreat 8b7fdetail 8b7fabout
8b7fwhat 8b7fwas 8b7fdone 8b7fand 8b7fgave 8b7fqualitative 8b7fanalysis 8b7fabout 8b7findividual
8b7fchildren. 8b7fThis 8b7fmeant 8b7fthey 8b7fcould 8b7fshow 8b7feg 8b7fthat 8b7fas 8b7fa 8b7fchild
8b7fneared 8b7fthe 8b7fnext 8b7fstage 8b7fof 8b7fdevelopment, 8b7fthey 8b7fcould 8b7fachieve
8b7felements 8b7fof 8b7fthat 8b7fnext 8b7fstage.
, > 8b7fUsed 8b7fexperimental 8b7fmethods 8b7fwhich 8b7fmeant 8b7fcareful 8b7fcontrols 8b7fwere
8b7fput 8b7fin 8b7fplace. 8b7fThis 8b7fallowed 8b7fcomparisons 8b7fbetween 8b7fthe 8b7fresults 8b7ffrom
8b7fdifferent 8b7fchildren. 8b7fRepeating 8b7fthe 8b7fstudy 8b7fand 8b7fusing 8b7fdifferent
8b7fviewpoints 8b7fmeant 8b7fthat 8b7fthere 8b7fwas 8b7freliability 8b7fin 8b7ftheir 8b7ffindings.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fWeaknesses 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fThe 8b7fresults 8b7fsuggest 8b7fthat
8b7fthe 8b7f'stages' 8b7fare 8b7fnot 8b7fdefinitive 8b7fenough 8b7feven 8b7fthough 8b7fPiaget
8b7facknowledged 8b7fa 8b7fperiod 8b7fof 8b7ftransition.
> 8b7fOther 8b7fstudies 8b7fwith 8b7fmore 8b7frealistic 8b7fscenarios 8b7fdid 8b7fnot 8b7fgive 8b7fthe
8b7fsame 8b7ffindings. 8b7fBorke 8b7f(1975) 8b7fused 8b7fa 8b7fsimilar 8b7fidea 8b7fbut 8b7fwith 8b7fa
8b7fcharacter 8b7ffrom 8b7fSesame 8b7fStreet 8b7fand 8b7flet 8b7fthe 8b7fchildren 8b7fuse 8b7fa
8b7fturntable. 8b7fShe 8b7ffound 8b7fthat 8b7f3 8b7fyear 8b7folds 8b7fcould 8b7fidentify 8b7fGrover's
8b7fpoint 8b7fof 8b7fview 8b7fmore 8b7fthan 8b7f79% 8b7fof 8b7fthe 8b7ftime. 8b7fShe 8b7fsuggested 8b7fthat
8b7fchildren 8b7funder 8b7f7 8b7fwere 8b7fnot 8b7fegocentric 8b7fbut 8b7fthat 8b7fthe 8b7ftask 8b7fwas 8b7ftoo
8b7fdifficult 8b7ffor 8b7fthem.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fAims 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fChildren 8b7fare 8b7faffected 8b7fby
8b7fdifferent 8b7ftypes 8b7fof 8b7fpraise 8b7fgiven 8b7fin 8b7fa 8b7fnatural 8b7fsituation
> 8b7fParents 8b7fgive 8b7fgirls 8b7fmore 8b7fperson 8b7fpraise 8b7fthan 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise
> 8b7fParents 8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7faffects 8b7fa 8b7fchild's 8b7freasoning 8b7fand
8b7fmotivation 8b7ffive 8b7fyears 8b7fdown 8b7fthe 8b7fline.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fProcedure 8b7f- 8b7fStudy 8b7ffollowed 8b7fa 8b7fgroup 8b7fof
8b7f29 8b7fboys 8b7f& 8b7f24 8b7fgirls 8b7fat 8b7f14 8b7fmonths, 8b7f28 8b7fmonths 8b7fand 8b7f36 8b7fmonths.
8b7fNo 8b7fone 8b7fknew 8b7fwhat 8b7fwas 8b7fbeing 8b7fstudied 8b7fwhen 8b7fthey 8b7fgot 8b7ffilmed
8b7facting 8b7f'naturally'. 8b7fAt 8b7f7-8 8b7fyears 8b7fold 8b7fthe 8b7fsame 8b7fchildren 8b7fanswered
8b7ftwo 8b7fquestionnaires 8b7fabout 8b7fwhat 8b7fthey 8b7fthought 8b7fled 8b7fto 8b7fa 8b7fpersons
8b7fintelligence 8b7fand 8b7fled 8b7fto 8b7ftheir 8b7fmorals.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fFindings 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7f3% 8b7fof 8b7fparental 8b7fcomments
8b7fto 8b7fchildren 8b7fwere 8b7fpraise.
> 8b7fProcess 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7f18%, 8b7fPerson 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7f16%.
> 8b7f24% 8b7fof 8b7fboys 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fwhereas 8b7fwas 8b7fonly
8b7f10.3% 8b7ffor 8b7fgirls.
> 8b7fThe 8b7fmore 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fthere 8b7fis 8b7fin 8b7fearly 8b7fchildhood, 8b7fthe 8b7fmore
8b7flikely 8b7fchildren 8b7fwill 8b7fbelieve 8b7fthat 8b7fputting 8b7feffort 8b7fin 8b7fis 8b7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fConclusion 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fA 8b7fclear 8b7frelationship 8b7fwas
8b7ffound 8b7fbetween 8b7fparents 8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fand 8b7fa 8b7fchild's 8b7flater
8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fan 8b7fincremental 8b7fmotivational 8b7fframework 8b7f(ability 8b7fbeing
8b7fchangeable). 8b7f
> 8b7fOnly 8b7fpartially 8b7fsupported 8b7fbecause 8b7fit 8b7fdid 8b7fnot 8b7ffind 8b7fthe 8b7fperson
8b7fpraise 8b7fleads 8b7fto 8b7fan 8b7fentity 8b7fmotivational 8b7fframework 8b7f(ability 8b7fis 8b7ffixed)
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fAims 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fThe 8b7fextent 8b7fto 8b7fwhich 8b7fchildren
8b7fof 8b7fdifferent 8b7fages 8b7fwere 8b7fable 8b7fto 8b7ftake 8b7fthe 8b7fview 8b7fof 8b7fanother 8b7fperson
> 8b7fChildren's 8b7foverall 8b7fsystem 8b7fof 8b7fputting 8b7ftogether 8b7fa 8b7fnumber 8b7fof
8b7fdifferent 8b7fviews 8b7fof 8b7fwhat 8b7fthey 8b7fsee
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fProcedure 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fIn 8b7ftotal 8b7f100 8b7fchildren
8b7fages 8b7f4-12 8b7fwere 8b7finvolved.
> 8b7fThey 8b7fmade 8b7fa 8b7fmodel 8b7fof 8b7fthree 8b7fmountains 8b7fand 8b7ftook 8b7ften 8b7fphotos
8b7ffrom 8b7fdifferent 8b7fpositions 8b7faround 8b7fthe 8b7fmodel.
> 8b7fChild 8b7fasked 8b7fto 8b7fuse 8b7fthe 8b7fcardboard 8b7fshapes 8b7fto 8b7fshow 8b7fhow 8b7fthe
8b7fmountains 8b7flooked 8b7ffrom 8b7fdifferent 8b7fviewpoints. 8b7f
> 8b7fChild 8b7fshown 8b7ften 8b7fphotos 8b7fand 8b7fasked 8b7fwhich 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fcould 8b7fsee.
> 8b7fChild 8b7fchose 8b7fa 8b7fpicture 8b7fand 8b7fhad 8b7fto 8b7fposition 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fso 8b7fthat 8b7fit
8b7fcould 8b7fsee 8b7fit.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fFindings 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fin 8b7fthe 8b7fpre-
operational 8b7fstage 8b7fchooses 8b7fpictures, 8b7fplaces 8b7fand 8b7fcardboard 8b7fto 8b7fshow
8b7ftheir 8b7fown 8b7fview. 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fcannot 8b7fshow 8b7fthe 8b7fview 8b7fof 8b7fsomeone
8b7felse. 8b7f
> 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7fin 8b7fconcrete 8b7foperations 8b7f(7-9) 8b7fstarts 8b7fto 8b7funderstand 8b7fthat
8b7fsomeone 8b7fhas 8b7fa 8b7fdifferent 8b7fview. 8b7fA 8b7fchild 8b7f(9-10) 8b7fcan 8b7funderstand
8b7fthat 8b7fthe 8b7fdoll 8b7fhas 8b7fa 8b7fdifferent 8b7fview.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fConclusion 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fChildren 8b7fup 8b7fto 8b7f7 8b7fyears
8b7fold 8b7fare 8b7fegocentric 8b7falthough 8b7ftowards 8b7fthe 8b7fend 8b7fof 8b7fthe 8b7fpre-
operational 8b7fstage 8b7fthey 8b7fbegin 8b7fto 8b7funderstand 8b7fviewpoint.
> 8b7fOlder 8b7fchildren 8b7fare 8b7fnon-egocentric. 8b7fThey 8b7fcan 8b7fconstruct 8b7fmental
8b7fimages 8b7fof 8b7fwhat 8b7fothers 8b7fcan 8b7fsee.
> 8b7fProvides 8b7fevidence 8b7ffor 8b7fthe 8b7fstages 8b7fof 8b7fdevelopment, 8b7fpre-operational
8b7fare 8b7fegocentric 8b7fwhereas 8b7fconcrete 8b7foperations 8b7fcan 8b7fcoordinate 8b7fdifferent
8b7fviewpoints.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fStrengths 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fProvided 8b7fgreat 8b7fdetail 8b7fabout
8b7fwhat 8b7fwas 8b7fdone 8b7fand 8b7fgave 8b7fqualitative 8b7fanalysis 8b7fabout 8b7findividual
8b7fchildren. 8b7fThis 8b7fmeant 8b7fthey 8b7fcould 8b7fshow 8b7feg 8b7fthat 8b7fas 8b7fa 8b7fchild
8b7fneared 8b7fthe 8b7fnext 8b7fstage 8b7fof 8b7fdevelopment, 8b7fthey 8b7fcould 8b7fachieve
8b7felements 8b7fof 8b7fthat 8b7fnext 8b7fstage.
, > 8b7fUsed 8b7fexperimental 8b7fmethods 8b7fwhich 8b7fmeant 8b7fcareful 8b7fcontrols 8b7fwere
8b7fput 8b7fin 8b7fplace. 8b7fThis 8b7fallowed 8b7fcomparisons 8b7fbetween 8b7fthe 8b7fresults 8b7ffrom
8b7fdifferent 8b7fchildren. 8b7fRepeating 8b7fthe 8b7fstudy 8b7fand 8b7fusing 8b7fdifferent
8b7fviewpoints 8b7fmeant 8b7fthat 8b7fthere 8b7fwas 8b7freliability 8b7fin 8b7ftheir 8b7ffindings.
Piaget 8b7f& 8b7fInhelder 8b7f(1956) 8b7fWeaknesses 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fThe 8b7fresults 8b7fsuggest 8b7fthat
8b7fthe 8b7f'stages' 8b7fare 8b7fnot 8b7fdefinitive 8b7fenough 8b7feven 8b7fthough 8b7fPiaget
8b7facknowledged 8b7fa 8b7fperiod 8b7fof 8b7ftransition.
> 8b7fOther 8b7fstudies 8b7fwith 8b7fmore 8b7frealistic 8b7fscenarios 8b7fdid 8b7fnot 8b7fgive 8b7fthe
8b7fsame 8b7ffindings. 8b7fBorke 8b7f(1975) 8b7fused 8b7fa 8b7fsimilar 8b7fidea 8b7fbut 8b7fwith 8b7fa
8b7fcharacter 8b7ffrom 8b7fSesame 8b7fStreet 8b7fand 8b7flet 8b7fthe 8b7fchildren 8b7fuse 8b7fa
8b7fturntable. 8b7fShe 8b7ffound 8b7fthat 8b7f3 8b7fyear 8b7folds 8b7fcould 8b7fidentify 8b7fGrover's
8b7fpoint 8b7fof 8b7fview 8b7fmore 8b7fthan 8b7f79% 8b7fof 8b7fthe 8b7ftime. 8b7fShe 8b7fsuggested 8b7fthat
8b7fchildren 8b7funder 8b7f7 8b7fwere 8b7fnot 8b7fegocentric 8b7fbut 8b7fthat 8b7fthe 8b7ftask 8b7fwas 8b7ftoo
8b7fdifficult 8b7ffor 8b7fthem.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fAims 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fChildren 8b7fare 8b7faffected 8b7fby
8b7fdifferent 8b7ftypes 8b7fof 8b7fpraise 8b7fgiven 8b7fin 8b7fa 8b7fnatural 8b7fsituation
> 8b7fParents 8b7fgive 8b7fgirls 8b7fmore 8b7fperson 8b7fpraise 8b7fthan 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise
> 8b7fParents 8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7faffects 8b7fa 8b7fchild's 8b7freasoning 8b7fand
8b7fmotivation 8b7ffive 8b7fyears 8b7fdown 8b7fthe 8b7fline.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fProcedure 8b7f- 8b7fStudy 8b7ffollowed 8b7fa 8b7fgroup 8b7fof
8b7f29 8b7fboys 8b7f& 8b7f24 8b7fgirls 8b7fat 8b7f14 8b7fmonths, 8b7f28 8b7fmonths 8b7fand 8b7f36 8b7fmonths.
8b7fNo 8b7fone 8b7fknew 8b7fwhat 8b7fwas 8b7fbeing 8b7fstudied 8b7fwhen 8b7fthey 8b7fgot 8b7ffilmed
8b7facting 8b7f'naturally'. 8b7fAt 8b7f7-8 8b7fyears 8b7fold 8b7fthe 8b7fsame 8b7fchildren 8b7fanswered
8b7ftwo 8b7fquestionnaires 8b7fabout 8b7fwhat 8b7fthey 8b7fthought 8b7fled 8b7fto 8b7fa 8b7fpersons
8b7fintelligence 8b7fand 8b7fled 8b7fto 8b7ftheir 8b7fmorals.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fFindings 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7f3% 8b7fof 8b7fparental 8b7fcomments
8b7fto 8b7fchildren 8b7fwere 8b7fpraise.
> 8b7fProcess 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7f18%, 8b7fPerson 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7f16%.
> 8b7f24% 8b7fof 8b7fboys 8b7fpraise 8b7fwas 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fwhereas 8b7fwas 8b7fonly
8b7f10.3% 8b7ffor 8b7fgirls.
> 8b7fThe 8b7fmore 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fthere 8b7fis 8b7fin 8b7fearly 8b7fchildhood, 8b7fthe 8b7fmore
8b7flikely 8b7fchildren 8b7fwill 8b7fbelieve 8b7fthat 8b7fputting 8b7feffort 8b7fin 8b7fis 8b7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 8b7fet 8b7fal. 8b7f(2013) 8b7fConclusion 8b7f- 8b7f> 8b7fA 8b7fclear 8b7frelationship 8b7fwas
8b7ffound 8b7fbetween 8b7fparents 8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fprocess 8b7fpraise 8b7fand 8b7fa 8b7fchild's 8b7flater
8b7fuse 8b7fof 8b7fan 8b7fincremental 8b7fmotivational 8b7fframework 8b7f(ability 8b7fbeing
8b7fchangeable). 8b7f
> 8b7fOnly 8b7fpartially 8b7fsupported 8b7fbecause 8b7fit 8b7fdid 8b7fnot 8b7ffind 8b7fthe 8b7fperson
8b7fpraise 8b7fleads 8b7fto 8b7fan 8b7fentity 8b7fmotivational 8b7fframework 8b7f(ability 8b7fis 8b7ffixed)
