Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign - Objective (Erythema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium
136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium
o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds,
abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea,
and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium
.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as
hypocalcemia
Ca - Calcium
4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus
.5 - 4.5 mg |
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia
Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia
Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis
State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self regulated
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
· How does a vaccine provide immunity?
Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity
Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through exposure
· Passive immunity
Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells
Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated
Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign - Objective (Erythema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium
136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium
o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds,
abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea,
and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium
.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as
hypocalcemia
Ca - Calcium
4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus
.5 - 4.5 mg |
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia
Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia
Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis
State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self regulated
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
· How does a vaccine provide immunity?
Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity
Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through exposure
· Passive immunity
Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells
Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated
Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
