11 NOVEMBER 2025
SAMENVATTING NETWERKEN THEORIE
COMPUTER NETWORKING: A TOP-DOWN APPROACH 8TH ED.
YEREMEY STEINHAUS
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – Introductie tot Computernetwerken ..................................................................................6
1.1 Wat is een computernetwerk? ................................................................................................................7
1.2 Soorten netwerken ......................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Packet switching vs Circuit switching..................................................................................................8
1.4 Belangrijke netwerkcomponenten........................................................................................................8
1.5 Protocollen en lagen ....................................................................................................................................9
OSI-model (7 lagen) .......................................................................................................................................9
TCP/IP-model (4 lagen) ...............................................................................................................................9
1.6 Vertraging in netwerken (Delay) ........................................................................................................ 10
Voorbeeldberekening ................................................................................................................................. 10
Hoofdstuk 2 – Applicatielaag ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Rol van de applicatielaag ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Architectuurmodellen: Client–Server vs Peer-to-Peer (P2P) ................................................. 11
2.3 Sockets: de API tussen applicatie- en transportlaag ................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld: TCP-client (Python) – HTTP GET ................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld: UDP-client (Python) – eenvoudige echo ..................................................................... 12
2.4 HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol ................................................................................................. 12
HTTP/1.1 – non-persistent vs persistent........................................................................................... 12
HTTP/2 – multiplexing en server push .............................................................................................. 12
Berichtformaat (vereenvoudigd) .......................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld: ruwe HTTP-aanvraag.......................................................................................................... 13
HTTP-caching (vereenvoudigd) ............................................................................................................. 13
2.5 DNS: Domain Name System .................................................................................................................. 13
Belangrijke DNS-recordtypes ................................................................................................................. 14
Voorbeeld: nslookup / dig interpretatie (conceptueel) ............................................................... 14
DNS en transportlaag ................................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 Samenvatting & examenfocus .............................................................................................................. 14
Hoofdstuk 3 – Transportlaag ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Functie van de transportlaag ................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)............................................................................................................ 15
UDP-headerstructuur ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)............................................................................................... 15
, TCP-headerstructuur.................................................................................................................................. 16
3.4 TCP 3-Way Handshake ............................................................................................................................ 16
Verbindingsafbouw ..................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Flow control – RWND .............................................................................................................................. 17
Voorbeeld ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.6 Congestion control – CWND, Slow Start, AIMD ............................................................................. 17
3.7 RTT en RTO – Round Trip en Retransmission Timeout ............................................................ 17
3.8 Betrouwbare overdracht: Go‑Back‑N en Selective Repeat....................................................... 17
3.9 Checksum...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Checksum pseudo‑header (conceptueel)........................................................................................... 18
3.10 Samenvatting & examenfocus ........................................................................................................... 18
Hoofdstuk 4 – Netwerklaag ............................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Functie van de netwerklaag .................................................................................................................. 18
4.2 IPv4-headerstructuur .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Routering en forwarding ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 ARP – Address Resolution Protocol ................................................................................................... 20
ARP-voorbeeld .............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.5 DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.............................................................................. 20
DHCP-berichtvolgorde ............................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 NAT – Network Address Translation ................................................................................................ 20
4.7 ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol ..................................................................................... 21
4.8 Subnetting en CIDR ................................................................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld: Subnetten berekenen.......................................................................................................... 21
4.9 VLSM – Variable Length Subnet Masking ........................................................................................ 21
Voorbeeld: VLSM .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.10 IP-fragmentatie en MTU....................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld: Fragmentatieberekening ................................................................................................... 22
4.11 Examenvuistregels ................................................................................................................................. 22
Hoofdstuk 5 – Datalink- en Fysieke laag ...................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Functie van de datalinklaag .................................................................................................................. 23
5.2 Ethernet-frame structuur ...................................................................................................................... 23
5.3 MAC-adressering ....................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 CSMA/CD – Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection .......................................... 24
, 5.5 Collision en Broadcast Domains .......................................................................................................... 24
5.6 VLAN’s – Virtual LANs (IEEE 802.1Q)............................................................................................... 24
Voorbeeld VLAN-tag (802.1Q)................................................................................................................ 25
5.7 CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check.......................................................................................................... 25
5.8 MTU en framelimieten............................................................................................................................. 25
Voorbeeld ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
5.9 Bekabeling en media ................................................................................................................................ 25
5.10 Signaaloverdracht en interferentie ................................................................................................. 25
5.11 Examenvuistregels ................................................................................................................................. 26
Hoofdstuk 6 – Netwerksecurity & Troubleshooting ............................................................................... 26
6.1 Beveiliging in computernetwerken ................................................................................................... 26
6.2 Veelvoorkomende netwerkaanvallen ............................................................................................... 26
6.3 Beveiligingsmaatregelen ........................................................................................................................ 27
6.4 Firewalls en ACL’s ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Voorbeeld ACL-configuratie (conceptueel)....................................................................................... 27
6.5 VPN – Virtual Private Network ............................................................................................................ 28
6.6 Troubleshootingtools .............................................................................................................................. 28
6.7 Typische netwerkfouten en hun oorzaak ........................................................................................ 28
6.8 Analysevoorbeelden................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorbeeld ping-trace .................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorbeeld traceroute ................................................................................................................................. 29
6.9 Latency, jitter en pakketverlies ........................................................................................................... 29
6.10 Samenvatting & examenfocus ........................................................................................................... 29
Hoofdstuk 7 – Toepassingen, IPv6 & Samenvatting ................................................................................ 30
7.1 End‑to‑End communicatie & OSI-overzicht ................................................................................... 30
7.2 OSI‑model vs TCP/IP‑model ................................................................................................................. 30
7.3 Quality of Service (QoS) en real‑time verkeer ............................................................................... 31
7.4 VoIP, RTP en RTCP .................................................................................................................................... 31
7.5 IPv6 – Introductie...................................................................................................................................... 31
7.6 IPv6‑headerstructuur .............................................................................................................................. 31
7.7 IPv6‑adressoorten .................................................................................................................................... 32
7.8 Overgang van IPv4 naar IPv6 ............................................................................................................... 32
7.9 Overzicht per OSI‑laag............................................................................................................................. 33
SAMENVATTING NETWERKEN THEORIE
COMPUTER NETWORKING: A TOP-DOWN APPROACH 8TH ED.
YEREMEY STEINHAUS
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – Introductie tot Computernetwerken ..................................................................................6
1.1 Wat is een computernetwerk? ................................................................................................................7
1.2 Soorten netwerken ......................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Packet switching vs Circuit switching..................................................................................................8
1.4 Belangrijke netwerkcomponenten........................................................................................................8
1.5 Protocollen en lagen ....................................................................................................................................9
OSI-model (7 lagen) .......................................................................................................................................9
TCP/IP-model (4 lagen) ...............................................................................................................................9
1.6 Vertraging in netwerken (Delay) ........................................................................................................ 10
Voorbeeldberekening ................................................................................................................................. 10
Hoofdstuk 2 – Applicatielaag ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Rol van de applicatielaag ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Architectuurmodellen: Client–Server vs Peer-to-Peer (P2P) ................................................. 11
2.3 Sockets: de API tussen applicatie- en transportlaag ................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld: TCP-client (Python) – HTTP GET ................................................................................... 11
Voorbeeld: UDP-client (Python) – eenvoudige echo ..................................................................... 12
2.4 HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol ................................................................................................. 12
HTTP/1.1 – non-persistent vs persistent........................................................................................... 12
HTTP/2 – multiplexing en server push .............................................................................................. 12
Berichtformaat (vereenvoudigd) .......................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld: ruwe HTTP-aanvraag.......................................................................................................... 13
HTTP-caching (vereenvoudigd) ............................................................................................................. 13
2.5 DNS: Domain Name System .................................................................................................................. 13
Belangrijke DNS-recordtypes ................................................................................................................. 14
Voorbeeld: nslookup / dig interpretatie (conceptueel) ............................................................... 14
DNS en transportlaag ................................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 Samenvatting & examenfocus .............................................................................................................. 14
Hoofdstuk 3 – Transportlaag ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Functie van de transportlaag ................................................................................................................ 15
3.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)............................................................................................................ 15
UDP-headerstructuur ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)............................................................................................... 15
, TCP-headerstructuur.................................................................................................................................. 16
3.4 TCP 3-Way Handshake ............................................................................................................................ 16
Verbindingsafbouw ..................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Flow control – RWND .............................................................................................................................. 17
Voorbeeld ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.6 Congestion control – CWND, Slow Start, AIMD ............................................................................. 17
3.7 RTT en RTO – Round Trip en Retransmission Timeout ............................................................ 17
3.8 Betrouwbare overdracht: Go‑Back‑N en Selective Repeat....................................................... 17
3.9 Checksum...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Checksum pseudo‑header (conceptueel)........................................................................................... 18
3.10 Samenvatting & examenfocus ........................................................................................................... 18
Hoofdstuk 4 – Netwerklaag ............................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Functie van de netwerklaag .................................................................................................................. 18
4.2 IPv4-headerstructuur .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Routering en forwarding ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 ARP – Address Resolution Protocol ................................................................................................... 20
ARP-voorbeeld .............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.5 DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.............................................................................. 20
DHCP-berichtvolgorde ............................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 NAT – Network Address Translation ................................................................................................ 20
4.7 ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol ..................................................................................... 21
4.8 Subnetting en CIDR ................................................................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld: Subnetten berekenen.......................................................................................................... 21
4.9 VLSM – Variable Length Subnet Masking ........................................................................................ 21
Voorbeeld: VLSM .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.10 IP-fragmentatie en MTU....................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld: Fragmentatieberekening ................................................................................................... 22
4.11 Examenvuistregels ................................................................................................................................. 22
Hoofdstuk 5 – Datalink- en Fysieke laag ...................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Functie van de datalinklaag .................................................................................................................. 23
5.2 Ethernet-frame structuur ...................................................................................................................... 23
5.3 MAC-adressering ....................................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 CSMA/CD – Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection .......................................... 24
, 5.5 Collision en Broadcast Domains .......................................................................................................... 24
5.6 VLAN’s – Virtual LANs (IEEE 802.1Q)............................................................................................... 24
Voorbeeld VLAN-tag (802.1Q)................................................................................................................ 25
5.7 CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check.......................................................................................................... 25
5.8 MTU en framelimieten............................................................................................................................. 25
Voorbeeld ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
5.9 Bekabeling en media ................................................................................................................................ 25
5.10 Signaaloverdracht en interferentie ................................................................................................. 25
5.11 Examenvuistregels ................................................................................................................................. 26
Hoofdstuk 6 – Netwerksecurity & Troubleshooting ............................................................................... 26
6.1 Beveiliging in computernetwerken ................................................................................................... 26
6.2 Veelvoorkomende netwerkaanvallen ............................................................................................... 26
6.3 Beveiligingsmaatregelen ........................................................................................................................ 27
6.4 Firewalls en ACL’s ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Voorbeeld ACL-configuratie (conceptueel)....................................................................................... 27
6.5 VPN – Virtual Private Network ............................................................................................................ 28
6.6 Troubleshootingtools .............................................................................................................................. 28
6.7 Typische netwerkfouten en hun oorzaak ........................................................................................ 28
6.8 Analysevoorbeelden................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorbeeld ping-trace .................................................................................................................................. 29
Voorbeeld traceroute ................................................................................................................................. 29
6.9 Latency, jitter en pakketverlies ........................................................................................................... 29
6.10 Samenvatting & examenfocus ........................................................................................................... 29
Hoofdstuk 7 – Toepassingen, IPv6 & Samenvatting ................................................................................ 30
7.1 End‑to‑End communicatie & OSI-overzicht ................................................................................... 30
7.2 OSI‑model vs TCP/IP‑model ................................................................................................................. 30
7.3 Quality of Service (QoS) en real‑time verkeer ............................................................................... 31
7.4 VoIP, RTP en RTCP .................................................................................................................................... 31
7.5 IPv6 – Introductie...................................................................................................................................... 31
7.6 IPv6‑headerstructuur .............................................................................................................................. 31
7.7 IPv6‑adressoorten .................................................................................................................................... 32
7.8 Overgang van IPv4 naar IPv6 ............................................................................................................... 32
7.9 Overzicht per OSI‑laag............................................................................................................................. 33
