HSC 4551 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Health - Answers condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally
Disease - Answers Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
Syndrome - Answers abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and
symptoms that usually occur together
Disorder - Answers a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or
physical abnormality
How many deaths are caused by chronic diseases in the US each year? - Answers 7-10
What are the four leading causes of death in the world? - Answers heart disease, stroke, COPD,
lower respiratory infections
What the the maftermath of a disease called? - Answers sequela
What percent of adults are obese? - Answers 35%
What percent of children are obese? - Answers 17%
What is the leading cause of preventable death? - Answers smoking
What STD is asymptomatic? - Answers chlamydia
What is nonspecific immunity? - Answers immediate, short-term protection
- skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, sweat, cilia hairs
- leukocytes (phagocytosis)
- macrophages (below epidermis)
- plasma proteins
- natural killer cells
- interferons (antiviral proteins)
- fever, inflammation
What is specific immunity? - Answers Immunity against a specific and particular antigen
What is humoral immunity? - Answers antibody-mediated immunity (B cells)
What does humoral immunity defend against? - Answers extracellular pathogens such as
bacteria
, What is cell-mediated immunity? - Answers an immune response that does not involve
antibodies (T cells)
What does cell-mediated immunity defend against? - Answers intracellular microbes such as
viruses and pathogens
What arm of the immune system is responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and transplants? -
Answers cell-mediated immunity
Where do B cells develop? - Answers red bone marrow
What do activated B cells do? - Answers divide into plasma cells and long-lived memory cells
What do plasma cells do? - Answers produce antibodies
What do helper T cells activate? - Answers additional T cells, memory T cells, antibody
production by plasma cells, cytotoxin T cells
Why does immune system function decline with age? - Answers - thymus atrophies
- less antibodies produced
What is enzyme immunoassay? - Answers enzyme labels antibody or antigen
What does a Western blot detect? - Answers presence of antibodies in patient serum
What does flow cytometry measure? - Answers identifies and counts cells that have a particular
antigen
What do C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation tests measure? - Answers general
levels of inflammation in the body
What do agglutination reactions involve? - Answers particulate antigens and antibodies
What are the four types of lupus? - Answers systemic
cutaneous
drug induced
neonatal
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus? - Answers - butterfly rash (on face)
- photo-sensitivity
- raynaud's syndrome
- fatigue, arthritis, fever
Health - Answers condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally
Disease - Answers Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
Syndrome - Answers abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and
symptoms that usually occur together
Disorder - Answers a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or
physical abnormality
How many deaths are caused by chronic diseases in the US each year? - Answers 7-10
What are the four leading causes of death in the world? - Answers heart disease, stroke, COPD,
lower respiratory infections
What the the maftermath of a disease called? - Answers sequela
What percent of adults are obese? - Answers 35%
What percent of children are obese? - Answers 17%
What is the leading cause of preventable death? - Answers smoking
What STD is asymptomatic? - Answers chlamydia
What is nonspecific immunity? - Answers immediate, short-term protection
- skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, sweat, cilia hairs
- leukocytes (phagocytosis)
- macrophages (below epidermis)
- plasma proteins
- natural killer cells
- interferons (antiviral proteins)
- fever, inflammation
What is specific immunity? - Answers Immunity against a specific and particular antigen
What is humoral immunity? - Answers antibody-mediated immunity (B cells)
What does humoral immunity defend against? - Answers extracellular pathogens such as
bacteria
, What is cell-mediated immunity? - Answers an immune response that does not involve
antibodies (T cells)
What does cell-mediated immunity defend against? - Answers intracellular microbes such as
viruses and pathogens
What arm of the immune system is responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and transplants? -
Answers cell-mediated immunity
Where do B cells develop? - Answers red bone marrow
What do activated B cells do? - Answers divide into plasma cells and long-lived memory cells
What do plasma cells do? - Answers produce antibodies
What do helper T cells activate? - Answers additional T cells, memory T cells, antibody
production by plasma cells, cytotoxin T cells
Why does immune system function decline with age? - Answers - thymus atrophies
- less antibodies produced
What is enzyme immunoassay? - Answers enzyme labels antibody or antigen
What does a Western blot detect? - Answers presence of antibodies in patient serum
What does flow cytometry measure? - Answers identifies and counts cells that have a particular
antigen
What do C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation tests measure? - Answers general
levels of inflammation in the body
What do agglutination reactions involve? - Answers particulate antigens and antibodies
What are the four types of lupus? - Answers systemic
cutaneous
drug induced
neonatal
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus? - Answers - butterfly rash (on face)
- photo-sensitivity
- raynaud's syndrome
- fatigue, arthritis, fever
