TCPS 2 CORE Review Exam Questions
With Correct Answers
Research |Ethics |Board |(REB)
research |oversight |group |that |evaluates |research |to |protect |the |rights |of |participants |in |the |
study
Researcher's |intention |is |to...
-to |NOT |deliberately |harm |the |people |who |agree |to |participate |in |a |research |project
-The |intent |to |do |no |harm, |however, |is |not |a |guarantee |that |no |harm |will |occur.
The |Stanford |Prison |Experiment
-Philip |Zimbardo's |study |of |the |effect |of |roles |on |behavior.
-Participants |were |randomly |assigned |to |play |either |prisoners |or |guards |in |a |mock |prison.
-guards |became |sadistic |and |prisoners |became |depressed |and |showed |signs |of |extreme |stress.
-The |study |was |ended |early |because |of |the |"guards'" |role-induced |cruelty.
1) |A |Quiet |Sunday |Morning...
--police |car |swept |through |the |town |picking |up |college |students |as |part |of |a |mass |arrest |for |
violation |of |Penal |Codes |211, |Armed |Robbery, |and |Burglary, |a |459 |PC. |(fake |arrests/charges)
2) |Volunteers
--What |suspects |had |done |was |to |answer |a |local |newspaper |ad |calling |for |volunteers |in |a |
study |of |the |psychological |effects |of |prison |life.
--simulated |prison |and |then |carefully |note |the |effects |of |this |institution |on |the |behavior |of |all |
those |within |its |walls.
--More |than |70 |applicants |but |were |left |with |a |sample |of |24 |college |students |from |the |U.S. |
and |Canada |who |happened |to |be |in |the |Stanford |area |and |wanted |to |earn |$15/day |by |
participating |in |a |study.
,--divided |into |two |groups |by |a |flip |of |the |coin. |Half |were |randomly |assigned |to |be |guards, |
the |other |to |be |prisoners.
3) |A |State |of |Mild |Shock...
--Blindfolded |and |in |a |state |of |mild |shock |over |their |surprise |arrest |by |the |city |police, |our |
prisoners |were |put |into |a |car |and |driven |to |the |"Stanford |County |Jail" |for |further |processing. |
The |prisoners |were |then |brought |into |our |jail |one |at |a |time |and |greeted |by |the |warden, |who |
conveyed |the |seriousness |of |their |offense |and |their |new |status |as |prisoners.
4) |Humiliation
--Each |prisoner |was |systematically |searched |and |stripped |naked. |He |was |then |deloused |with |a
|spray, |to |convey |our |belief |that |he |may |have |germs |or |lice
5) |Enforcing |Law
--The |guards |were |given |no |specific |training |on |how |to |be |guards. |Instead |they |were |free, |
within |limits, |to |do |whatever |they |thought |was |necessary |to |maintain |law |and |order |in |the |
prison |and |to |command |the |respect |of |the |prisoners.
--Warden |David |Jaffe
--began |with |nine |guards |and |nine |prisoners |in |our |jail. |Three |guards |worked |each |of |three |
eight-hour |shifts, |while |three |prisoners |occupied |each |of |the |three |barren |cells |around |the |
clock. |The |remaining |guards |and |prisoners |from |our |sample |of |24 |were |on |call |in |case |they |
were |needed. |The |cells |were |so |small |that |there |was |room |for |only |three |cots |on |which |the |
prisoners |slept |or |sat, |with |room |for |little |else.
6) |Asserting |Authority
--At |2:30 |A.M. |the |prisoners |were |rudely |awakened |from |sleep |by |blasting |whistles |for |the |
first |of |many |"counts." |The |counts |served |the |purpose |of |familiarizing |the |prisoners |with |their |
numbers |(counts |took |place |several |times |each |shift |and |often |at |night). |But |more |
importantly, |these |events |provided |a |regular |occasion |for |the |guards |to |exercise |control |over |
the |prisoners.
7) |Asserting |Independence
--Because |the |first |day |passed |without |incident, |we |were |surprised |and |totally |unprepared |for |
the |rebellion |which |broke |out |on |the |morning |of |the |second |day.
--At |first |they |insisted |that |reinforcements |be |called |in.
--but, |got |a |fire |extinguisher |which |shot |a |stream |of |skin-chilling |carbon |dioxide, |and |they |
forced |the |prisoners |away |from |the |doors.
,--The |guards |broke |into |each |cell, |stripped |the |prisoners |naked, |took |the |beds |out, |forced |the |
ringleaders |of |the |prisoner |rebellion |into |solitary |confinement, |and |generally |began |to |harass |
and |intimidate |the |prisoners.
8) |Special |Privileges
--couldn't |have |nine |guards |on |duty |at |all |times
--use |psychological |tactics |instead |of |physical |ones |= |setting |up |a |privilege |cell.
9) |The |First |Prisoner |Released
--Less |than |36 |hours |into |the |experiment, |Prisoner |#8612 |began |suffering |from |acute |
emotional |disturbance, |disorganized |thinking, |uncontrollable |crying, |and |rage.
--took |quite |a |while |before |we |became |convinced |that |he |was |really |suffering |and |that |we |had
|to |release |him.
10) |A |Mass |Escape |Plot
--The |rumor |went |as |follows: |Prisoner |#8612, |whom |we |had |released |the |night |before, |was |
going |to |round |up |a |bunch |of |his |friends |and |break |in |to |free |the |prisoners.
--decided |to |put |an |informant |(an |experimental |confederate) |in |the |cell |that |#8612 |had |
occupied.
11) |A |Visit
--Gordon |Bower. |Gordon |had |heard |we |were |doing |an |experiment, |and |he |came |to |see |what |
was |going |on. |I |briefly |described |what |we |were |up |to, |and |Gordon |asked |me |a |very |simple |
question: |"Say, |what's |the |independent |variable |in |this |study?"
12) |Paying |Them |Back
--The |rumor |of |the |prison |break |turned |out |to |be |just |a |rumor.
13) |A |Kafkaesque |Element
--At |this |point |in |the |study, |I |invited |a |Catholic |priest |who |had |been |a |prison |chaplain |to |
evaluate |how |realistic |our |prison |situation |was, |and |the |result |was |truly |Kafkaesque. |The |
chaplain |interviewed |each |prisoner |individually, |and |I |watched |in |amazement |as |half |the |
prisoners |introduced |themselves |by |number |rather |than |name.
14) |#819
--The |only |prisoner |who |did |not |want |to |speak |to |the |priest |was |Prisoner |#819, |who |was |
feeling |sick, |had |refused |to |eat, |and |wanted |to |see |a |doctor |rather |than |a |priest. |Eventually |he
, was |persuaded |to |come |out |of |his |cell |and |talk |to |the |priest |and |superintendent |so |we |could |
|
see |what |kind |of |a |doctor |he |needed.
15) |Parole |Board
--The |next |day, |all |prisoners |who |thought |they |had |grounds |for |being |paroled |were |chained |
together |and |individually |brought |before |the |Parole |Board. |The |Board |was |composed |mainly |
of |people |who |were |strangers |to |the |prisoners |(departmental |secretaries |and |graduate |
students) |and |was |headed |by |our |top |prison |consultant.
16) |Types |of |Guards
--tough |but |fair |guards |who |followed |prison |rules
--there |were |"good |guys" |who |did |little |favors |for |the |prisoners |and |never |punished |them.
--about |a |third |of |the |guards |were |hostile, |arbitrary, |and |inventive |in |their |forms |of |prisoner |
humiliation
17) |John |Wayne
--The |prisoners |even |nicknamed |the |most |macho |and |brutal |guard |in |our |study |"John |Wayne."
18) |Prisoners' |Coping |Styles
--Prisoners |coped |with |their |feelings |of |frustration |and |powerlessness |in |a |variety |of |ways. |At |
first, |some |prisoners |rebelled |or |fought |with |the |guards. |Four |prisoners |reacted |by |breaking |
down |emotionally |as |a |way |to |escape |the |situation. |One |prisoner |developed |a |psychosomatic |
rash |over |his |entire |body |when |he |learned |that |his |parole |request |had |been |turned |down. |
Others |tried |to |cope |by |being |good |prisoners, |doing |everything |the |guards |wanted |them |to |
do. |One |of |them |was |even |nicknamed |"Sarge," |because |he |was |so |military-like |in |executing |all
|commands.
19) |One |Final |Act |of |Rebellion
--We |did |see |one |final |act |of |rebellion. |Prisoner |#416 |was |newly |admitted |as |one |of |our |
stand-by |prisoners. |Unlike |the |other |prisoners, |who |had |experienced |a |gradual |escalation |of |
harassment, |this |prisoner's |horror |was |full-blown |when |he |arrived. |The |"old |timer" |prisoners |
told |him |that |quitting |was |impossible, |that |it |was |a |real |prison.
20) |An |End |to |the |Experiment
--On |the |fifth |night, |some |visiting |parents |asked |me |to |contact |a |lawyer |in |order |to |get |their |
son |out |of |prison. |They |said |a |Catholic |priest |had |called |to |tell |them |they |should |get |a |lawyer |
or |public |defender |if |they |wanted |to |bail |their |son |out! |I |called |the |lawyer |as |requested, |and |
With Correct Answers
Research |Ethics |Board |(REB)
research |oversight |group |that |evaluates |research |to |protect |the |rights |of |participants |in |the |
study
Researcher's |intention |is |to...
-to |NOT |deliberately |harm |the |people |who |agree |to |participate |in |a |research |project
-The |intent |to |do |no |harm, |however, |is |not |a |guarantee |that |no |harm |will |occur.
The |Stanford |Prison |Experiment
-Philip |Zimbardo's |study |of |the |effect |of |roles |on |behavior.
-Participants |were |randomly |assigned |to |play |either |prisoners |or |guards |in |a |mock |prison.
-guards |became |sadistic |and |prisoners |became |depressed |and |showed |signs |of |extreme |stress.
-The |study |was |ended |early |because |of |the |"guards'" |role-induced |cruelty.
1) |A |Quiet |Sunday |Morning...
--police |car |swept |through |the |town |picking |up |college |students |as |part |of |a |mass |arrest |for |
violation |of |Penal |Codes |211, |Armed |Robbery, |and |Burglary, |a |459 |PC. |(fake |arrests/charges)
2) |Volunteers
--What |suspects |had |done |was |to |answer |a |local |newspaper |ad |calling |for |volunteers |in |a |
study |of |the |psychological |effects |of |prison |life.
--simulated |prison |and |then |carefully |note |the |effects |of |this |institution |on |the |behavior |of |all |
those |within |its |walls.
--More |than |70 |applicants |but |were |left |with |a |sample |of |24 |college |students |from |the |U.S. |
and |Canada |who |happened |to |be |in |the |Stanford |area |and |wanted |to |earn |$15/day |by |
participating |in |a |study.
,--divided |into |two |groups |by |a |flip |of |the |coin. |Half |were |randomly |assigned |to |be |guards, |
the |other |to |be |prisoners.
3) |A |State |of |Mild |Shock...
--Blindfolded |and |in |a |state |of |mild |shock |over |their |surprise |arrest |by |the |city |police, |our |
prisoners |were |put |into |a |car |and |driven |to |the |"Stanford |County |Jail" |for |further |processing. |
The |prisoners |were |then |brought |into |our |jail |one |at |a |time |and |greeted |by |the |warden, |who |
conveyed |the |seriousness |of |their |offense |and |their |new |status |as |prisoners.
4) |Humiliation
--Each |prisoner |was |systematically |searched |and |stripped |naked. |He |was |then |deloused |with |a
|spray, |to |convey |our |belief |that |he |may |have |germs |or |lice
5) |Enforcing |Law
--The |guards |were |given |no |specific |training |on |how |to |be |guards. |Instead |they |were |free, |
within |limits, |to |do |whatever |they |thought |was |necessary |to |maintain |law |and |order |in |the |
prison |and |to |command |the |respect |of |the |prisoners.
--Warden |David |Jaffe
--began |with |nine |guards |and |nine |prisoners |in |our |jail. |Three |guards |worked |each |of |three |
eight-hour |shifts, |while |three |prisoners |occupied |each |of |the |three |barren |cells |around |the |
clock. |The |remaining |guards |and |prisoners |from |our |sample |of |24 |were |on |call |in |case |they |
were |needed. |The |cells |were |so |small |that |there |was |room |for |only |three |cots |on |which |the |
prisoners |slept |or |sat, |with |room |for |little |else.
6) |Asserting |Authority
--At |2:30 |A.M. |the |prisoners |were |rudely |awakened |from |sleep |by |blasting |whistles |for |the |
first |of |many |"counts." |The |counts |served |the |purpose |of |familiarizing |the |prisoners |with |their |
numbers |(counts |took |place |several |times |each |shift |and |often |at |night). |But |more |
importantly, |these |events |provided |a |regular |occasion |for |the |guards |to |exercise |control |over |
the |prisoners.
7) |Asserting |Independence
--Because |the |first |day |passed |without |incident, |we |were |surprised |and |totally |unprepared |for |
the |rebellion |which |broke |out |on |the |morning |of |the |second |day.
--At |first |they |insisted |that |reinforcements |be |called |in.
--but, |got |a |fire |extinguisher |which |shot |a |stream |of |skin-chilling |carbon |dioxide, |and |they |
forced |the |prisoners |away |from |the |doors.
,--The |guards |broke |into |each |cell, |stripped |the |prisoners |naked, |took |the |beds |out, |forced |the |
ringleaders |of |the |prisoner |rebellion |into |solitary |confinement, |and |generally |began |to |harass |
and |intimidate |the |prisoners.
8) |Special |Privileges
--couldn't |have |nine |guards |on |duty |at |all |times
--use |psychological |tactics |instead |of |physical |ones |= |setting |up |a |privilege |cell.
9) |The |First |Prisoner |Released
--Less |than |36 |hours |into |the |experiment, |Prisoner |#8612 |began |suffering |from |acute |
emotional |disturbance, |disorganized |thinking, |uncontrollable |crying, |and |rage.
--took |quite |a |while |before |we |became |convinced |that |he |was |really |suffering |and |that |we |had
|to |release |him.
10) |A |Mass |Escape |Plot
--The |rumor |went |as |follows: |Prisoner |#8612, |whom |we |had |released |the |night |before, |was |
going |to |round |up |a |bunch |of |his |friends |and |break |in |to |free |the |prisoners.
--decided |to |put |an |informant |(an |experimental |confederate) |in |the |cell |that |#8612 |had |
occupied.
11) |A |Visit
--Gordon |Bower. |Gordon |had |heard |we |were |doing |an |experiment, |and |he |came |to |see |what |
was |going |on. |I |briefly |described |what |we |were |up |to, |and |Gordon |asked |me |a |very |simple |
question: |"Say, |what's |the |independent |variable |in |this |study?"
12) |Paying |Them |Back
--The |rumor |of |the |prison |break |turned |out |to |be |just |a |rumor.
13) |A |Kafkaesque |Element
--At |this |point |in |the |study, |I |invited |a |Catholic |priest |who |had |been |a |prison |chaplain |to |
evaluate |how |realistic |our |prison |situation |was, |and |the |result |was |truly |Kafkaesque. |The |
chaplain |interviewed |each |prisoner |individually, |and |I |watched |in |amazement |as |half |the |
prisoners |introduced |themselves |by |number |rather |than |name.
14) |#819
--The |only |prisoner |who |did |not |want |to |speak |to |the |priest |was |Prisoner |#819, |who |was |
feeling |sick, |had |refused |to |eat, |and |wanted |to |see |a |doctor |rather |than |a |priest. |Eventually |he
, was |persuaded |to |come |out |of |his |cell |and |talk |to |the |priest |and |superintendent |so |we |could |
|
see |what |kind |of |a |doctor |he |needed.
15) |Parole |Board
--The |next |day, |all |prisoners |who |thought |they |had |grounds |for |being |paroled |were |chained |
together |and |individually |brought |before |the |Parole |Board. |The |Board |was |composed |mainly |
of |people |who |were |strangers |to |the |prisoners |(departmental |secretaries |and |graduate |
students) |and |was |headed |by |our |top |prison |consultant.
16) |Types |of |Guards
--tough |but |fair |guards |who |followed |prison |rules
--there |were |"good |guys" |who |did |little |favors |for |the |prisoners |and |never |punished |them.
--about |a |third |of |the |guards |were |hostile, |arbitrary, |and |inventive |in |their |forms |of |prisoner |
humiliation
17) |John |Wayne
--The |prisoners |even |nicknamed |the |most |macho |and |brutal |guard |in |our |study |"John |Wayne."
18) |Prisoners' |Coping |Styles
--Prisoners |coped |with |their |feelings |of |frustration |and |powerlessness |in |a |variety |of |ways. |At |
first, |some |prisoners |rebelled |or |fought |with |the |guards. |Four |prisoners |reacted |by |breaking |
down |emotionally |as |a |way |to |escape |the |situation. |One |prisoner |developed |a |psychosomatic |
rash |over |his |entire |body |when |he |learned |that |his |parole |request |had |been |turned |down. |
Others |tried |to |cope |by |being |good |prisoners, |doing |everything |the |guards |wanted |them |to |
do. |One |of |them |was |even |nicknamed |"Sarge," |because |he |was |so |military-like |in |executing |all
|commands.
19) |One |Final |Act |of |Rebellion
--We |did |see |one |final |act |of |rebellion. |Prisoner |#416 |was |newly |admitted |as |one |of |our |
stand-by |prisoners. |Unlike |the |other |prisoners, |who |had |experienced |a |gradual |escalation |of |
harassment, |this |prisoner's |horror |was |full-blown |when |he |arrived. |The |"old |timer" |prisoners |
told |him |that |quitting |was |impossible, |that |it |was |a |real |prison.
20) |An |End |to |the |Experiment
--On |the |fifth |night, |some |visiting |parents |asked |me |to |contact |a |lawyer |in |order |to |get |their |
son |out |of |prison. |They |said |a |Catholic |priest |had |called |to |tell |them |they |should |get |a |lawyer |
or |public |defender |if |they |wanted |to |bail |their |son |out! |I |called |the |lawyer |as |requested, |and |
