BRAINSCAPE1
NURS 612 Exam 4 Exam with
complete solutions latest version
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary bone-producing cells
-young immature cell
Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Transformed osteoblasts that are surrounded by
new bone tissue
Osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-The major reabsorptive cells of the bone (breaks
down bone)
New bone is soft and hardens when it gets mineralized by _______ and _________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-calcium and phosphate
Joints are also called _________ - CORRECT ANSWER-articulations
The functional units of muscle contractions are _________. They are made of _______
and ________ - CORRECT ANSWER-Myofibrils; actin and myosin
What do red muscles have that white muscles lack? - CORRECT ANSWER-Myoglobin-
a reservoir of oxygen for the muscles (why white muscles fatigue quickly)
excitation-contraction coupling - CORRECT ANSWER-events that link the action
potentials on the sarcolemma (the membrane of the muscle) to activation of the
myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract
AP from LMN depolarizes muscle membrane at the motor end plate. That depolarization
spreads all over the sarcolemma
Depolarization increases the amount of calcium in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm which
stimulates contraction
BRAINSCAPE1
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Physiologic Tetanus - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when motor units are stimulated
again and the muscle unit has not been able to relax between stimulation and the next
contraction
Response to an AP is called a ______ - CORRECT ANSWER-twitch
____________ gives the phosphoric group to ATP - CORRECT ANSWER-
Phosphocreatine
Isometric contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-Muscle contracts but there is no
movement, muscle stays the same length
Same length, changing tension
Isotonic contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-muscle shortens because muscle tension
exceeds load
Same tension, changing length
Tendons - CORRECT ANSWER-•Attach muscle to bone
•Transfer forces from muscle to bone
•Act as a type of biologic spring for muscles to allow additional stability during
movement
Ligaments - CORRECT ANSWER-•Attach bone to bone
•Stabilize joints against excessive movement
Sarcopenia - CORRECT ANSWER-the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that
comes with aging
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-breakdown of striated/skeletal muscle (caused
by trauma, extreme exertion, crash injuries, seizures, or drug toxicity)
causes the release of intracellular contents, including the protein pigment myoglobin,
into the extracellular space and bloodstream
•Can result in hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure due to myoglobin
precipitation in the renal tubules
Rhabdomyolysis Triad of manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-•Muscle pain
•Weakness
•Dark urine
What is the main risk of rhabdomyolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Acute Kidney Injury
-from accumulation of myoglobin in renal tubules
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
Potassium levels (increase/decrease) with rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-
Increase, because potassium is released as cells breakdown
Treatment of rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid intravenous hydration: To
maintain adequate kidney flow/urine output
Hyperkalemia: May require temporary hemodialysis
Compartment Syndrome can be caused by any condition that disrupts what? -
CORRECT ANSWER-the vascular supply to an extremity
Muscle ischemia causes edema, rising compartment pressure, and tamponade that
lead to muscle infarction and neural injury
6 Ps of compartment syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-•Pain- uncontrolled by opioids
•Pressure/swelling
•Pallor
•Paresthesia
•Paresis- nerves now affected from the pressure
•Pulselessness- artery is collapsed
Volkmann ischemic contracture - CORRECT ANSWER-damage to the artery with
contracture of muscles
Compartment Syndrome Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER-confirmed by measurement
of intracompartmental pressure
Compartment Syndrome Treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-•Relieve pressure with
fasciotomy when pressure reaches 30 mm Hg
•Skin graft
metabolic bone diseases - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormal bone structure caused by
altered or inadequate biochemical reactions due to genetics, diet, or hormones (bone
mineralization depends on a narrow range of of calcium and phosphorus)
i.e. osteoporosis
Osteoporosis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-decreased density and strength
of bone because of alterations in bone microarchitecture
old bone reabsorbed faster than new bone being made, causing progressive loss of
bone mass
most common sites of osteoporosis (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. spine
2. femoral neck
3. wrist
sites that bear a lot of weight
BRAINSCAPE1
NURS 612 Exam 4 Exam with
complete solutions latest version
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary bone-producing cells
-young immature cell
Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Transformed osteoblasts that are surrounded by
new bone tissue
Osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-The major reabsorptive cells of the bone (breaks
down bone)
New bone is soft and hardens when it gets mineralized by _______ and _________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-calcium and phosphate
Joints are also called _________ - CORRECT ANSWER-articulations
The functional units of muscle contractions are _________. They are made of _______
and ________ - CORRECT ANSWER-Myofibrils; actin and myosin
What do red muscles have that white muscles lack? - CORRECT ANSWER-Myoglobin-
a reservoir of oxygen for the muscles (why white muscles fatigue quickly)
excitation-contraction coupling - CORRECT ANSWER-events that link the action
potentials on the sarcolemma (the membrane of the muscle) to activation of the
myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract
AP from LMN depolarizes muscle membrane at the motor end plate. That depolarization
spreads all over the sarcolemma
Depolarization increases the amount of calcium in the cytoplasm/sarcoplasm which
stimulates contraction
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
Physiologic Tetanus - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when motor units are stimulated
again and the muscle unit has not been able to relax between stimulation and the next
contraction
Response to an AP is called a ______ - CORRECT ANSWER-twitch
____________ gives the phosphoric group to ATP - CORRECT ANSWER-
Phosphocreatine
Isometric contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-Muscle contracts but there is no
movement, muscle stays the same length
Same length, changing tension
Isotonic contraction - CORRECT ANSWER-muscle shortens because muscle tension
exceeds load
Same tension, changing length
Tendons - CORRECT ANSWER-•Attach muscle to bone
•Transfer forces from muscle to bone
•Act as a type of biologic spring for muscles to allow additional stability during
movement
Ligaments - CORRECT ANSWER-•Attach bone to bone
•Stabilize joints against excessive movement
Sarcopenia - CORRECT ANSWER-the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that
comes with aging
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-breakdown of striated/skeletal muscle (caused
by trauma, extreme exertion, crash injuries, seizures, or drug toxicity)
causes the release of intracellular contents, including the protein pigment myoglobin,
into the extracellular space and bloodstream
•Can result in hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia, acute renal failure due to myoglobin
precipitation in the renal tubules
Rhabdomyolysis Triad of manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-•Muscle pain
•Weakness
•Dark urine
What is the main risk of rhabdomyolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Acute Kidney Injury
-from accumulation of myoglobin in renal tubules
BRAINSCAPE1
, BRAINSCAPE1
Potassium levels (increase/decrease) with rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-
Increase, because potassium is released as cells breakdown
Treatment of rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid intravenous hydration: To
maintain adequate kidney flow/urine output
Hyperkalemia: May require temporary hemodialysis
Compartment Syndrome can be caused by any condition that disrupts what? -
CORRECT ANSWER-the vascular supply to an extremity
Muscle ischemia causes edema, rising compartment pressure, and tamponade that
lead to muscle infarction and neural injury
6 Ps of compartment syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-•Pain- uncontrolled by opioids
•Pressure/swelling
•Pallor
•Paresthesia
•Paresis- nerves now affected from the pressure
•Pulselessness- artery is collapsed
Volkmann ischemic contracture - CORRECT ANSWER-damage to the artery with
contracture of muscles
Compartment Syndrome Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER-confirmed by measurement
of intracompartmental pressure
Compartment Syndrome Treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-•Relieve pressure with
fasciotomy when pressure reaches 30 mm Hg
•Skin graft
metabolic bone diseases - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormal bone structure caused by
altered or inadequate biochemical reactions due to genetics, diet, or hormones (bone
mineralization depends on a narrow range of of calcium and phosphorus)
i.e. osteoporosis
Osteoporosis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER-decreased density and strength
of bone because of alterations in bone microarchitecture
old bone reabsorbed faster than new bone being made, causing progressive loss of
bone mass
most common sites of osteoporosis (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. spine
2. femoral neck
3. wrist
sites that bear a lot of weight
BRAINSCAPE1
