age 1 of 148
EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
Explain what density is and how it relates to stratification
.....Answer.....-Density describes how much mass fits into a space
- Stratification occurs when 2 materials are mixed, and the less
dense one floats to the top
-Therefore for stratification to occur the idea of density is
necessary
Eg. Air is less dense than water, and water is less dense than
rock. Therefore, rocks are on the ground, water is in the middle,
and air on the top
,age 2 of 148
Explain why disaster scales are based on the Order-of-
Magnitude concept and interpret graphs with logarithmic scales
.....Answer.....-Graphs are interpreted with logarithmic scales
because most of the graph is off the scale if we use an
exponential curve; a log graph is much nicer
-Disaster scales are based on the Order-of-Magnitude concept
because the "power" indicates intensity of the disaster
-10^P
Relate natural-disaster risk and intensity to frequency, return
period, and consequences (costs) .....Answer.....-More intense
disasters occur less frequently, less intense disasters occur more
frequently
,age 3 of 148
-More intense = Huge expenditure of time and money for
recovery
-The return period, or RP, is the average number of years
between disaster events of the same magnitude (M). It is by no
means a prediction of when the next disaster of the same scale
will next occur. (RP) = Time span of data/number of cases
Explain how recent disasters were associated with the
concentration or dilution of energy .....Answer.....-It takes time for
energy to build up and to be released.
-Creating natural disasters requires the concentration of energy
in a small area, and to continually it build-up.
, age 4 of 148
-Concentration of Energy: Earthquakes (yrs->mins), Volcanoes
(decades->days), Hurricanes (Months->days), Storms (Hrs-
>mins)
- But many energy sources are diffuse (weak but cover a large
area), and gradual (weak but spanning a long time)
-Dilution of Energy: Tsunami (mins-> days), Floods (hrs->days)
List the 1st and 2nd most common elements in the Earth, ocean,
and atmosphere .....Answer.....Earth crust: oxygen and silicon
Earth core: iron and nickel
Ocean: oxygen and hydrogen
Atmosphere: nitrogen and oxygen
EOSC 114 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
Explain what density is and how it relates to stratification
.....Answer.....-Density describes how much mass fits into a space
- Stratification occurs when 2 materials are mixed, and the less
dense one floats to the top
-Therefore for stratification to occur the idea of density is
necessary
Eg. Air is less dense than water, and water is less dense than
rock. Therefore, rocks are on the ground, water is in the middle,
and air on the top
,age 2 of 148
Explain why disaster scales are based on the Order-of-
Magnitude concept and interpret graphs with logarithmic scales
.....Answer.....-Graphs are interpreted with logarithmic scales
because most of the graph is off the scale if we use an
exponential curve; a log graph is much nicer
-Disaster scales are based on the Order-of-Magnitude concept
because the "power" indicates intensity of the disaster
-10^P
Relate natural-disaster risk and intensity to frequency, return
period, and consequences (costs) .....Answer.....-More intense
disasters occur less frequently, less intense disasters occur more
frequently
,age 3 of 148
-More intense = Huge expenditure of time and money for
recovery
-The return period, or RP, is the average number of years
between disaster events of the same magnitude (M). It is by no
means a prediction of when the next disaster of the same scale
will next occur. (RP) = Time span of data/number of cases
Explain how recent disasters were associated with the
concentration or dilution of energy .....Answer.....-It takes time for
energy to build up and to be released.
-Creating natural disasters requires the concentration of energy
in a small area, and to continually it build-up.
, age 4 of 148
-Concentration of Energy: Earthquakes (yrs->mins), Volcanoes
(decades->days), Hurricanes (Months->days), Storms (Hrs-
>mins)
- But many energy sources are diffuse (weak but cover a large
area), and gradual (weak but spanning a long time)
-Dilution of Energy: Tsunami (mins-> days), Floods (hrs->days)
List the 1st and 2nd most common elements in the Earth, ocean,
and atmosphere .....Answer.....Earth crust: oxygen and silicon
Earth core: iron and nickel
Ocean: oxygen and hydrogen
Atmosphere: nitrogen and oxygen
