age 1 of 77
NUR 216 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <BRAND NEW VERSION>
Cellular hypoxia common causes ......ANSWER........reduced
oxygen in cells common causes could be systemic- infarction
complete blockage or localized- ischemia most common
impaired blood supply
progression of damage due to prolong hypoxia
......ANSWER........may be reversible, accumulation problems,
atrophy, cells/tissues may die, necrosis due to irreversible
damage, apoptosis (programmed cell death)
wet gangrene cause and manifestation ......ANSWER........more
dangerous than dry can move venous blood flow is blocked due
,age 2 of 77
to interference with venous return may be internal or in
extremities occurs after severe burns
types of gangrene ......ANSWER........dry, wet, gas
dry gangrene cause and manifestation ......ANSWER........caused
by arterial occlusion w/no interference of venous return usually
occurs in extremities and has line of demarkation
saprophytic bacteria feeds on dead tissues
Roles of calcium in the body ......ANSWER........*bones and teeth
*calcium bank
*blood pressure maintenance
*blood clotting
*muscle contraction and relaxation
,age 3 of 77
*nerve impulses
*hormone secretion
*activation of some enzyme reactions
manifestations of calcium imbalances ......ANSWER........low
calcium- (hypo) serum calcium < 8.6 Muscle cramps, convulsions,
spasms
Paresthesias around the mouth and in the extremities
Chvostek- facial twitch and Trousseau- contraction of muscle in
hand/wrists signs
Different manifestations for chronic hypocalcemia
high calcium- (hyper) > 10.6 Muscle effects
GI discomfort, constipation
, age 4 of 77
CNS effects
Cardiac effects
Urinary changes and increased risk of renal calculi
PTH disorders effect on serum calcium level and bone
......ANSWER........parathyroid hormone responds to low plasma
calcium and promotes the release of calcium from bone,
increases activation of vitamin D and stimulates calcium
conservation
Diabetes Insipidus ......ANSWER........deficiency of ADH
(neurogenic- brain) or reduced response of kidney to ADH
(nephrogenic) kidneys cannot balance levels of fluid correctly in
the body causing reduced absorption of water by the blood
NUR 216 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <BRAND NEW VERSION>
Cellular hypoxia common causes ......ANSWER........reduced
oxygen in cells common causes could be systemic- infarction
complete blockage or localized- ischemia most common
impaired blood supply
progression of damage due to prolong hypoxia
......ANSWER........may be reversible, accumulation problems,
atrophy, cells/tissues may die, necrosis due to irreversible
damage, apoptosis (programmed cell death)
wet gangrene cause and manifestation ......ANSWER........more
dangerous than dry can move venous blood flow is blocked due
,age 2 of 77
to interference with venous return may be internal or in
extremities occurs after severe burns
types of gangrene ......ANSWER........dry, wet, gas
dry gangrene cause and manifestation ......ANSWER........caused
by arterial occlusion w/no interference of venous return usually
occurs in extremities and has line of demarkation
saprophytic bacteria feeds on dead tissues
Roles of calcium in the body ......ANSWER........*bones and teeth
*calcium bank
*blood pressure maintenance
*blood clotting
*muscle contraction and relaxation
,age 3 of 77
*nerve impulses
*hormone secretion
*activation of some enzyme reactions
manifestations of calcium imbalances ......ANSWER........low
calcium- (hypo) serum calcium < 8.6 Muscle cramps, convulsions,
spasms
Paresthesias around the mouth and in the extremities
Chvostek- facial twitch and Trousseau- contraction of muscle in
hand/wrists signs
Different manifestations for chronic hypocalcemia
high calcium- (hyper) > 10.6 Muscle effects
GI discomfort, constipation
, age 4 of 77
CNS effects
Cardiac effects
Urinary changes and increased risk of renal calculi
PTH disorders effect on serum calcium level and bone
......ANSWER........parathyroid hormone responds to low plasma
calcium and promotes the release of calcium from bone,
increases activation of vitamin D and stimulates calcium
conservation
Diabetes Insipidus ......ANSWER........deficiency of ADH
(neurogenic- brain) or reduced response of kidney to ADH
(nephrogenic) kidneys cannot balance levels of fluid correctly in
the body causing reduced absorption of water by the blood
