11/9/25, 7:02
PM
NUR 600 CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Bell of stethoscope is used low pitched sounds, also useful for mitral
for valve
Diaphragm of stethoscope is High pitched sounds
used for breath, bowel, & normal heart sounds
Erb's Point 3rd intercostal space, left sternal border
Aortic area auscultation 2nd intercostal space, right sternal
border
Pulmonary area auscultation 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border
Tricuspid area auscultation 5th intercostal space, left sternal border
Mitral area auscultation 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular
line
S1 heart sounds BEGINNING OF SYSTOLE "lub"
-occurs with closure of AV valves
(tricuspid and mitral)
S2 Heart Sounds - Closure of semilunar (aortic) and
pulmonic valves
- "dub" at the end of systole
*Normal in young people!
* An indication of heart failure in
S3 Heart Sounds
1/
18
,11/9/25, 7:02
PM
older adults. The best place to
listen is the pulmonic area
ALWAYS ABNORMAL. Indicative of a stiff
S4 Heart Sounds and hy pertrophic ventricle
Sound results from turbulent flow
of blood from atria contracting
against a noncompliant
ventricle
Primary/essential 90-95% of cases, unknown cause
hypertension (idiopathic)
Secondary hypertension 5-10% of cases, caused by the
identifiable effects of another disease
1. In patients undergoing urgent
noncardiac surgery during the
first 4 to 6 weeks after stent
implantation, DAPT should be
continued unless the risk of
bleeding outweighs the benefit
of the prevention of stent
Antiplatelet Agents: thrombosis.
Recommendations
2. In patients who have received coronary
stents and must undergo surgical
procedures that mandate the
discontinuation of P2Y12 platelet
2/
18
, 11/9/25, 7:02
PM
receptor-inhibitor therapy, it is
recommended that aspirin be
continued if possible and the
P2Y12
platelet receptor-inhibitor be restarted as
soon as possible after surgery.
3. Management should be determined by
a consensus of the surgeon,
anesthesiologist, cardiologist, and
patient, who should weigh the
relative risk of bleeding with that
of stent thrombosis.
*imbalance in oxygen supply and
demand due to hypertrophied ventricular
Aortic Stenosis Angina muscle
Pathophysiology *Alterations in epicardial blood
flow even in the absence of
epicardial coronary artery
disease.
*Underlying CAD and myocardial
ischemia
*Inability of LV to match Stroke Volume
to increased demand during exertion.
Aortic Stenosis Syncope *Decrease in cerebral perfusion
3/
18
PM
NUR 600 CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Bell of stethoscope is used low pitched sounds, also useful for mitral
for valve
Diaphragm of stethoscope is High pitched sounds
used for breath, bowel, & normal heart sounds
Erb's Point 3rd intercostal space, left sternal border
Aortic area auscultation 2nd intercostal space, right sternal
border
Pulmonary area auscultation 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border
Tricuspid area auscultation 5th intercostal space, left sternal border
Mitral area auscultation 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular
line
S1 heart sounds BEGINNING OF SYSTOLE "lub"
-occurs with closure of AV valves
(tricuspid and mitral)
S2 Heart Sounds - Closure of semilunar (aortic) and
pulmonic valves
- "dub" at the end of systole
*Normal in young people!
* An indication of heart failure in
S3 Heart Sounds
1/
18
,11/9/25, 7:02
PM
older adults. The best place to
listen is the pulmonic area
ALWAYS ABNORMAL. Indicative of a stiff
S4 Heart Sounds and hy pertrophic ventricle
Sound results from turbulent flow
of blood from atria contracting
against a noncompliant
ventricle
Primary/essential 90-95% of cases, unknown cause
hypertension (idiopathic)
Secondary hypertension 5-10% of cases, caused by the
identifiable effects of another disease
1. In patients undergoing urgent
noncardiac surgery during the
first 4 to 6 weeks after stent
implantation, DAPT should be
continued unless the risk of
bleeding outweighs the benefit
of the prevention of stent
Antiplatelet Agents: thrombosis.
Recommendations
2. In patients who have received coronary
stents and must undergo surgical
procedures that mandate the
discontinuation of P2Y12 platelet
2/
18
, 11/9/25, 7:02
PM
receptor-inhibitor therapy, it is
recommended that aspirin be
continued if possible and the
P2Y12
platelet receptor-inhibitor be restarted as
soon as possible after surgery.
3. Management should be determined by
a consensus of the surgeon,
anesthesiologist, cardiologist, and
patient, who should weigh the
relative risk of bleeding with that
of stent thrombosis.
*imbalance in oxygen supply and
demand due to hypertrophied ventricular
Aortic Stenosis Angina muscle
Pathophysiology *Alterations in epicardial blood
flow even in the absence of
epicardial coronary artery
disease.
*Underlying CAD and myocardial
ischemia
*Inability of LV to match Stroke Volume
to increased demand during exertion.
Aortic Stenosis Syncope *Decrease in cerebral perfusion
3/
18
