A&P 2 Blood Test Review/ Final Exam Prac ce for
Anatomy and Physiology II/ A&P II Exam 1 - Blood,
Heart, and Blood Vessels 3 SETS COMBINED NEW RATED
A+ 2025/2026 UPDATED
what are the major components of the blood? - Ans Plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements? - Ans Erythrocytes, red bood cells
Leukocytes, white blood cells
Platelets, for clo ng
What are the three basic func!ons of blood and an explana!on of each? - Ans 1) Distribu!on:
blood transports oxygen fro mteh lungs and nutrients fro mthe diges!ve tract, metabolic wastes
from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimina!on, and hormones from endocrine glands to
target organs.
2) Regula!on: Blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distribu!ng
heat, normal pH in body !ssues using buffer systems, and adequate fluid volume in the
circulatory system.
3) Protec!on:L Blood protects against blood loss by ac!va!ng plasma proteins and platelets,
ini!a!ng clot forma!on when a vessel is broken and prevents infec!on by synthesizing and
u!lizing an!bodies, ac!va!ng complement proteins, and ac!va!ng WBC's to defend the body
against foreign invaders.
What are the five general components of blood plasma? - Ans 1) proteins
2) nonprotein nitrogenous substances
3) organic nutrients
4) electrolytes
5) respiratory gases
,What is the pH of blood? - Ans 7.35-7.45
What are erythrocytes and how do their structural characteris!cs contribute to their func!on?
- Ans Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They are biconcave discs, anucleate and have essen!ally
no organelles. They are filled with hemoglobion, a protein that func!ns in gas transport. Gas
transport is assisted by the biconcave shape: huge surface area rela!ve to volume and
discoun!ng water content - they are more than 97% hemoglobin. Hemoglobin reversibly binds
with oxygen and most oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin.
What is the func!on of erythrocytes? - Ans Respiratory gas transport via hemoglobin.
What is hemoglobin made of and what can it transport? - Ans the protein globin, which is
made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group. Each heme group
bears an atom of iron. Each atom of iron can bind to one oxygen molecule, therefore each
hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen.
What are the different types of hemoglobin and how are they different? - Ans 1)
Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to oxygen. Oxygen loading takes place in the lungs.
2) Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin a=er oxygen diffuses into !ssues (reduced Hb)
3) Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide loading takes
place in the !ssues.
Too much carbon dioxide in the body is called? - Ans Alkalosis - alkaline environment
Carbonic acid in the blood is called? - Ans Acidocis - acid environment
HCO3 is a? - Ans weak base which works as a buffer to control acid in the blood
,What is the white layer in the hemocrit called? - Ans buffy coat. It is the white blood cell layer
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur? - Ans Blood cell forma!on. Occurs in the red
blood marrow - in the !p of the femur and top of the humorus.
What is a hemocytoblast? - Ans Stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements. They go
through intermediary phases including ejec!on of the nucleus in the forma!on of re!culocytes.
What are re!culocytes? - Ans young, immature red blood cells formed through erythropoiesis
that s!ll has a scant re!culum of clumped ribosomes.. The number of re!culocytes provides
informa!on about the rate of RBC forma!on.
What does too few or too many erythrocytes mean? - Ans Too few: leads to !ssue hypoxia.
Can be caused by blood loss, excessive RBC destruc!on and bone marrow failure.
Too many: causes undesirable blood viscosity, causing it to flow slowly.Can be caused by bone
marrow cancer or living at high al!tudes.
What is the hemocrit ra!o? - Ans The percentage of RBC's compared to the en!re volume.
How do male and female hemocrit ra!os differ? - Ans Males have a higher ra!o: 47
Females have a lower ra!o: 42
What are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis? - Ans Requires adequate supplu of
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. Iron is stored in the liver, spleen
and bone marrow. Circula!ng iron is bound to transferrin.
What organ is erythropoiesis controlled by? - Ans The kidneys.
, What happens to old RBC's? - Ans a=er 100-120 days they become rigid and fragile and
hemoglobin degenerates. They are engulffed by macrophages and broken down in the spleen:
membranes rupture
iron is picked up by plasma protein called transferrin and transported back to bone marrow
globin chains are converted into a yellow pigment called bilirubin and the liver secretes bilirubin
into the intes!nes as bile (gives feces brown color)
What is hypoxia? - Ans low oxygen due to decreased RBC's
What s!mulates RBC produc!on? - Ans hypoxia
kidney hormone
How long do RBC's live? - Ans 100-120 days
What is anemia? - Ans Abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Is a SYMPTOM, not
a disease. Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism.
What are types of anemia that occur when there is insufficient number of erythrocytes? - Ans
1) Hemorrhagic anemia: result of acute or chronic loss of blood
2) Hemoly!c anemia: prematurely ruptured erythrocytes - o=en caused by fever
3) Aplas!c anemia: destruc!on or inhibi!on of red bone marrow - can be caused by chemicals
What types of anemia occur when there is insufficient hemoglobin content? - Ans 1) Iron
deficiency anemia: resul!ng from -
a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
impaired iron absorp!on
Anatomy and Physiology II/ A&P II Exam 1 - Blood,
Heart, and Blood Vessels 3 SETS COMBINED NEW RATED
A+ 2025/2026 UPDATED
what are the major components of the blood? - Ans Plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements? - Ans Erythrocytes, red bood cells
Leukocytes, white blood cells
Platelets, for clo ng
What are the three basic func!ons of blood and an explana!on of each? - Ans 1) Distribu!on:
blood transports oxygen fro mteh lungs and nutrients fro mthe diges!ve tract, metabolic wastes
from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimina!on, and hormones from endocrine glands to
target organs.
2) Regula!on: Blood maintains appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distribu!ng
heat, normal pH in body !ssues using buffer systems, and adequate fluid volume in the
circulatory system.
3) Protec!on:L Blood protects against blood loss by ac!va!ng plasma proteins and platelets,
ini!a!ng clot forma!on when a vessel is broken and prevents infec!on by synthesizing and
u!lizing an!bodies, ac!va!ng complement proteins, and ac!va!ng WBC's to defend the body
against foreign invaders.
What are the five general components of blood plasma? - Ans 1) proteins
2) nonprotein nitrogenous substances
3) organic nutrients
4) electrolytes
5) respiratory gases
,What is the pH of blood? - Ans 7.35-7.45
What are erythrocytes and how do their structural characteris!cs contribute to their func!on?
- Ans Erythrocytes are red blood cells. They are biconcave discs, anucleate and have essen!ally
no organelles. They are filled with hemoglobion, a protein that func!ns in gas transport. Gas
transport is assisted by the biconcave shape: huge surface area rela!ve to volume and
discoun!ng water content - they are more than 97% hemoglobin. Hemoglobin reversibly binds
with oxygen and most oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin.
What is the func!on of erythrocytes? - Ans Respiratory gas transport via hemoglobin.
What is hemoglobin made of and what can it transport? - Ans the protein globin, which is
made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group. Each heme group
bears an atom of iron. Each atom of iron can bind to one oxygen molecule, therefore each
hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen.
What are the different types of hemoglobin and how are they different? - Ans 1)
Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to oxygen. Oxygen loading takes place in the lungs.
2) Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin a=er oxygen diffuses into !ssues (reduced Hb)
3) Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide loading takes
place in the !ssues.
Too much carbon dioxide in the body is called? - Ans Alkalosis - alkaline environment
Carbonic acid in the blood is called? - Ans Acidocis - acid environment
HCO3 is a? - Ans weak base which works as a buffer to control acid in the blood
,What is the white layer in the hemocrit called? - Ans buffy coat. It is the white blood cell layer
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur? - Ans Blood cell forma!on. Occurs in the red
blood marrow - in the !p of the femur and top of the humorus.
What is a hemocytoblast? - Ans Stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements. They go
through intermediary phases including ejec!on of the nucleus in the forma!on of re!culocytes.
What are re!culocytes? - Ans young, immature red blood cells formed through erythropoiesis
that s!ll has a scant re!culum of clumped ribosomes.. The number of re!culocytes provides
informa!on about the rate of RBC forma!on.
What does too few or too many erythrocytes mean? - Ans Too few: leads to !ssue hypoxia.
Can be caused by blood loss, excessive RBC destruc!on and bone marrow failure.
Too many: causes undesirable blood viscosity, causing it to flow slowly.Can be caused by bone
marrow cancer or living at high al!tudes.
What is the hemocrit ra!o? - Ans The percentage of RBC's compared to the en!re volume.
How do male and female hemocrit ra!os differ? - Ans Males have a higher ra!o: 47
Females have a lower ra!o: 42
What are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis? - Ans Requires adequate supplu of
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid. Iron is stored in the liver, spleen
and bone marrow. Circula!ng iron is bound to transferrin.
What organ is erythropoiesis controlled by? - Ans The kidneys.
, What happens to old RBC's? - Ans a=er 100-120 days they become rigid and fragile and
hemoglobin degenerates. They are engulffed by macrophages and broken down in the spleen:
membranes rupture
iron is picked up by plasma protein called transferrin and transported back to bone marrow
globin chains are converted into a yellow pigment called bilirubin and the liver secretes bilirubin
into the intes!nes as bile (gives feces brown color)
What is hypoxia? - Ans low oxygen due to decreased RBC's
What s!mulates RBC produc!on? - Ans hypoxia
kidney hormone
How long do RBC's live? - Ans 100-120 days
What is anemia? - Ans Abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Is a SYMPTOM, not
a disease. Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism.
What are types of anemia that occur when there is insufficient number of erythrocytes? - Ans
1) Hemorrhagic anemia: result of acute or chronic loss of blood
2) Hemoly!c anemia: prematurely ruptured erythrocytes - o=en caused by fever
3) Aplas!c anemia: destruc!on or inhibi!on of red bone marrow - can be caused by chemicals
What types of anemia occur when there is insufficient hemoglobin content? - Ans 1) Iron
deficiency anemia: resul!ng from -
a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
impaired iron absorp!on
