Test Bank for Nutrition for Sport
and Exercise, 5th Edition
DRI - ANSWERSused for planning and assessing diets
-Estimated Average Requirements
-Recommended Dietary Allowances
-Adequate Intakes
-Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Estimated Average Requirements - ANSWERSnutrient intake that is estimated to meet the
requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group
Recommended Dietary Allowances - ANSWERS-may be modified to prevent disease
-the avg daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all
healthy individuals
Adequate intakes - ANSWERSa value based on observed or experimentally determined
approximations of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
-used when RDA can't be determined
Tolerable upper intake levels - ANSWERS-all sources vs fortified foods vs supplements
-the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to
almost all individuals.
-As intake above the UL increases, risk of adverse effects increases
Factors that increase needs for vitamin requirements - ANSWERS-decreased absorption from GI
track
-increased loss in sweat or urine
-increased utilization due to exercise stress
-increased need associated with skeletal muscle mass
Factors that decrease need for vitamin requirements - ANSWERS-decreased excretion in urine
,-more effective recycling processes
**effect of exercise is presumed to be small
Functions of vitamins - ANSWERS-vision (Vitamin A)
-skin (vitamin D)
-immune (Vitamin D, E, C
-blood (Vitamin E, K, B6, B12, folic acid)
-bone health (vitamin A, D, K, folate (?))
-metabolism (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid)
classification of minerals by functionality - ANSWERS-vision (zinc)
-immune (zinc)
-blood and bone (iron, copper)
-energy metabolism (copper, chromium
-muscle contraction (iron, Na, K, Cl)
-hormones (iodine)
2 minerals are good indicators of the intake of other minerals - ANSWERS- iron and calcium
-dairy products aren't iron rich sources of food (Ca inhibits the absorption of iron)
Deficiency stages - ANSWERS-mild deficiency
-subclinical deficiency
-clinical deficiency
mild deficiency - ANSWERS-inadequate amount due to change in need
-poor availability
subclinical deficiency - ANSWERS-body's pool of vitamin decreased
-some measured with blood or tissue
,clinical deficiency - ANSWERS-unspecific symptoms occur (loss of appetite, weakness, physical
fatigue)
-clinical symptoms seen (ex: anemia due to poor folic acid or B12
iron functions related to exercise - ANSWERS-hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis (RBC production)
-incorporated into compounds needed for oxidative metabolism
** found in heme (animal) and non-heme products (like beans)
Iron store measurements (table 9.12) - ANSWERS-serum ferritin (amount of iron stored)
-transferrin (amount of iron being transported)
-hemoglobin (iron containing protein in RBC)
Iron deficiency stage 1 - ANSWERS-bone marrow stores depleted, decreased serum ferritin (helpful
for change over time)
iron deficiency stage 2 - ANSWERS-continued ferritin decrease, less iron in hemoglobin (iron-
containing protein in RBC)
iron deficiency stage 3 - ANSWERSvery low serum ferritin and decreased hemoglobin
-iron deficiency anemia
Iron screening - ANSWERS-all female athletes should have iron stores measured
-recommended for male athletes as well (endurance exercise and weight cutting sports)
Need for Iron supplements - ANSWERS-if anemic: supplements improve endurance performance
-if deficient w/o anemia: supplements improve stores, maybe performance
-if normal iron: no supplements needed
Iron overload causes... - ANSWERSconstipation and nausea
- too much means too little zinc (fights absorption in body)
factors that enhance iron absorption (food sources) - ANSWERS-fish
, -iron-fortified foods (cereal)
-meat
-beans
factors that inhibit iron absorption (food source) - ANSWERS-zinc
-coffee/tea (tannins)
-calcium
-phytates (found in whole grains, consumed in excessive amounts)
nonheme iron (food source) - ANSWERSplant sources
heme iron (food source) - ANSWERSanimal sources
Sports anemia - ANSWERSfalse anemia, runner's anemia
-low hgb/hct
-total volume of RBC is normal
-must rely on other iron measures to diagnose
Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus - ANSWERSall are essential for bone development
-specific ages most important to emphasize
Vitamin D - ANSWERS-promotes calcium absorption (kidney and intestines)
-regulates phosphorus metabolism
-UV factors on Vit. D: the lighter the skin, the less a person has to be exposed to UV light
Food sources of calcium, Vitamin D, phosphorus - ANSWERS-comes from milk, fortified cereals,
salmon, tuna, OJ
-high sodium diet increases urinary calcium
-caffeine and fiber don't increase urinary calcium
-"Great Bone Robbery": osteoporosis
and Exercise, 5th Edition
DRI - ANSWERSused for planning and assessing diets
-Estimated Average Requirements
-Recommended Dietary Allowances
-Adequate Intakes
-Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
Estimated Average Requirements - ANSWERSnutrient intake that is estimated to meet the
requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group
Recommended Dietary Allowances - ANSWERS-may be modified to prevent disease
-the avg daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all
healthy individuals
Adequate intakes - ANSWERSa value based on observed or experimentally determined
approximations of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people
-used when RDA can't be determined
Tolerable upper intake levels - ANSWERS-all sources vs fortified foods vs supplements
-the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to
almost all individuals.
-As intake above the UL increases, risk of adverse effects increases
Factors that increase needs for vitamin requirements - ANSWERS-decreased absorption from GI
track
-increased loss in sweat or urine
-increased utilization due to exercise stress
-increased need associated with skeletal muscle mass
Factors that decrease need for vitamin requirements - ANSWERS-decreased excretion in urine
,-more effective recycling processes
**effect of exercise is presumed to be small
Functions of vitamins - ANSWERS-vision (Vitamin A)
-skin (vitamin D)
-immune (Vitamin D, E, C
-blood (Vitamin E, K, B6, B12, folic acid)
-bone health (vitamin A, D, K, folate (?))
-metabolism (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid)
classification of minerals by functionality - ANSWERS-vision (zinc)
-immune (zinc)
-blood and bone (iron, copper)
-energy metabolism (copper, chromium
-muscle contraction (iron, Na, K, Cl)
-hormones (iodine)
2 minerals are good indicators of the intake of other minerals - ANSWERS- iron and calcium
-dairy products aren't iron rich sources of food (Ca inhibits the absorption of iron)
Deficiency stages - ANSWERS-mild deficiency
-subclinical deficiency
-clinical deficiency
mild deficiency - ANSWERS-inadequate amount due to change in need
-poor availability
subclinical deficiency - ANSWERS-body's pool of vitamin decreased
-some measured with blood or tissue
,clinical deficiency - ANSWERS-unspecific symptoms occur (loss of appetite, weakness, physical
fatigue)
-clinical symptoms seen (ex: anemia due to poor folic acid or B12
iron functions related to exercise - ANSWERS-hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis (RBC production)
-incorporated into compounds needed for oxidative metabolism
** found in heme (animal) and non-heme products (like beans)
Iron store measurements (table 9.12) - ANSWERS-serum ferritin (amount of iron stored)
-transferrin (amount of iron being transported)
-hemoglobin (iron containing protein in RBC)
Iron deficiency stage 1 - ANSWERS-bone marrow stores depleted, decreased serum ferritin (helpful
for change over time)
iron deficiency stage 2 - ANSWERS-continued ferritin decrease, less iron in hemoglobin (iron-
containing protein in RBC)
iron deficiency stage 3 - ANSWERSvery low serum ferritin and decreased hemoglobin
-iron deficiency anemia
Iron screening - ANSWERS-all female athletes should have iron stores measured
-recommended for male athletes as well (endurance exercise and weight cutting sports)
Need for Iron supplements - ANSWERS-if anemic: supplements improve endurance performance
-if deficient w/o anemia: supplements improve stores, maybe performance
-if normal iron: no supplements needed
Iron overload causes... - ANSWERSconstipation and nausea
- too much means too little zinc (fights absorption in body)
factors that enhance iron absorption (food sources) - ANSWERS-fish
, -iron-fortified foods (cereal)
-meat
-beans
factors that inhibit iron absorption (food source) - ANSWERS-zinc
-coffee/tea (tannins)
-calcium
-phytates (found in whole grains, consumed in excessive amounts)
nonheme iron (food source) - ANSWERSplant sources
heme iron (food source) - ANSWERSanimal sources
Sports anemia - ANSWERSfalse anemia, runner's anemia
-low hgb/hct
-total volume of RBC is normal
-must rely on other iron measures to diagnose
Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus - ANSWERSall are essential for bone development
-specific ages most important to emphasize
Vitamin D - ANSWERS-promotes calcium absorption (kidney and intestines)
-regulates phosphorus metabolism
-UV factors on Vit. D: the lighter the skin, the less a person has to be exposed to UV light
Food sources of calcium, Vitamin D, phosphorus - ANSWERS-comes from milk, fortified cereals,
salmon, tuna, OJ
-high sodium diet increases urinary calcium
-caffeine and fiber don't increase urinary calcium
-"Great Bone Robbery": osteoporosis
