age 1 of 101
NUR 445 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
define pulsus paradoxus ......ANSWER........Pulsus paradoxus is
one of the classic signs of cardiac tamponade. It is an
exaggerated decrease (greater than 10 mmHg) of the systolic
blood pressure during inspiration
What is MODS characterized by? ......ANSWER........Multiple
organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is characterized by the
progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems.
What is SIRS? ......ANSWER........Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS) is not a disease; it is a proinflammatory
response precipitated by a nonspecific insult. The etiology of
,age 2 of 101
SIRS is broad and can arise from both infectious and
noninfectious stimuli, and it denotes systemic inflammation
regardless of its cause.
What is oxygenation? ......ANSWER........use of O2 for energy
through aerobic metabolism
Ventilation ......ANSWER........movement of air in and out of the
lungs
diffusion of air ......ANSWER........higher to lower concentration
gradient movement of gas
pulmonary perfusion ......ANSWER........O2 binding to Hgb, blood
flow
80-100mmHg ......ANSWER........normal PaO2
60-85mmHg ......ANSWER........mild hypoxemia
,age 3 of 101
45-59mmHg ......ANSWER........moderate hypoxemia
less than 45 mmHg ......ANSWER........severe hypoxemia
O2 delivery depends on ......ANSWER........cardiac output, CO,
auto-regulation,
What does P50 represent? ......ANSWER........Oxyhemoglobin
dissociation curve right and left shifts. Normally, when
hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen (P50) the PaO2 will
be 27 mmHg. The P50 changes when physiologic factors are
altered, shifting the curve
What does a shift to the left do to the affinity of hemoglobin to
hemoglobin? ......ANSWER........A shift to the left increases the
affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin, inhibiting its release to tissues.
Name the AV Valves ......ANSWER........R: tricuspid
, age 4 of 101
L: Mitral / bicuspid
Name the Semilunar valves ......ANSWER........R: Pulmonic
L: Aortic
Name the Systolic Mumurs. ......ANSWER........Aortic or Pulmonic
Stenosis
Mitral or Tricuspid Regurgitation
Name Diastolic Murmurs ......ANSWER........Aortic or Pulmonic
Regurgitation
Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis
What are causes of valvular stenosis?
......ANSWER........calcification (atherosclerosis), congenital
factors, Rheumatic fever
NUR 445 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT
VERSION>
define pulsus paradoxus ......ANSWER........Pulsus paradoxus is
one of the classic signs of cardiac tamponade. It is an
exaggerated decrease (greater than 10 mmHg) of the systolic
blood pressure during inspiration
What is MODS characterized by? ......ANSWER........Multiple
organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is characterized by the
progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems.
What is SIRS? ......ANSWER........Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS) is not a disease; it is a proinflammatory
response precipitated by a nonspecific insult. The etiology of
,age 2 of 101
SIRS is broad and can arise from both infectious and
noninfectious stimuli, and it denotes systemic inflammation
regardless of its cause.
What is oxygenation? ......ANSWER........use of O2 for energy
through aerobic metabolism
Ventilation ......ANSWER........movement of air in and out of the
lungs
diffusion of air ......ANSWER........higher to lower concentration
gradient movement of gas
pulmonary perfusion ......ANSWER........O2 binding to Hgb, blood
flow
80-100mmHg ......ANSWER........normal PaO2
60-85mmHg ......ANSWER........mild hypoxemia
,age 3 of 101
45-59mmHg ......ANSWER........moderate hypoxemia
less than 45 mmHg ......ANSWER........severe hypoxemia
O2 delivery depends on ......ANSWER........cardiac output, CO,
auto-regulation,
What does P50 represent? ......ANSWER........Oxyhemoglobin
dissociation curve right and left shifts. Normally, when
hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen (P50) the PaO2 will
be 27 mmHg. The P50 changes when physiologic factors are
altered, shifting the curve
What does a shift to the left do to the affinity of hemoglobin to
hemoglobin? ......ANSWER........A shift to the left increases the
affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin, inhibiting its release to tissues.
Name the AV Valves ......ANSWER........R: tricuspid
, age 4 of 101
L: Mitral / bicuspid
Name the Semilunar valves ......ANSWER........R: Pulmonic
L: Aortic
Name the Systolic Mumurs. ......ANSWER........Aortic or Pulmonic
Stenosis
Mitral or Tricuspid Regurgitation
Name Diastolic Murmurs ......ANSWER........Aortic or Pulmonic
Regurgitation
Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis
What are causes of valvular stenosis?
......ANSWER........calcification (atherosclerosis), congenital
factors, Rheumatic fever
