1|Page
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Sodium-Potassium Pump - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The
sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient
essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Mitochondria are
known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ In
metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and
pH.
B Lymphocytes - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ B cells
differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies,
central to humoral immunity.
,2|Page
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Reversible injury often involves failure of ion
pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ IL-1 acts on
the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set
point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Type 1
DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and
increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Down Syndrome - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Trisomy 21
leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ In the
brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
,3|Page
IgM - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ IgM is the first antibody
produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Oncogenes are
mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell
proliferation.
Hypokalemia - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Low potassium
levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the
risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ SLE
involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to
widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The primary motor
cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary
movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Shock
results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
, 4|Page
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth
muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway.
Apoptosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Apoptosis is an
orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded
cells without inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking
coronary arteries and causing infarction.
Serum creatinine - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Creatinine is a
waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels
suggest impaired renal function.
Aldosterone - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Aldosterone
promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Hypovolemic
shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload
and cardiac output.
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Sodium-Potassium Pump - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The
sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient
essential for membrane potential.
Mitochondria - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Mitochondria are
known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ In
metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and
pH.
B Lymphocytes - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ B cells
differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies,
central to humoral immunity.
,2|Page
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Reversible injury often involves failure of ion
pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ IL-1 acts on
the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set
point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Type 1
DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and
increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Down Syndrome - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Trisomy 21
leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ In the
brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
,3|Page
IgM - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ IgM is the first antibody
produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Oncogenes are
mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell
proliferation.
Hypokalemia - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Low potassium
levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the
risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ SLE
involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to
widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The primary motor
cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary
movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Shock
results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
, 4|Page
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth
muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway.
Apoptosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Apoptosis is an
orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded
cells without inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking
coronary arteries and causing infarction.
Serum creatinine - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Creatinine is a
waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels
suggest impaired renal function.
Aldosterone - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Aldosterone
promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Hypovolemic
shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload
and cardiac output.
