1|Page
PM 512 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
The obstetric and delivery records of the mothers of 100
infants with neonatal jaundice (NJ) were reviewed for
evidence of several prenatal exposures. The same
information was obtained on the mothers of a sample of
100 non-jaundiced infants born in the same hospital
during the same time period. No clear associations were
found between these prenatal exposures and NJ. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ case-control
we know this cause they were selected of the same year
and based on their birth status
then they were compared for exposures between cases
and then controls
relative risk - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ risk of exposure/
not exposure
- measure of excess risk in one group compared to
another
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95% confidence interval - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ the
range within which the true population mean lies, with
95% certainty
- still an estimate of the sample so never can be 100%
- has error
95% confidence interval not including 1 - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ - reject null hypothesis
- the pbservered RR is statistically significantly different
from 1 at the 0.5 level
95% confidence interval including 1 - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ not certain that the RR is different from 1
- do not reject the null hypothesis
- conclude the observed RR is not stat. significant
different from 1
- includes the null value
attributable risk - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ - amount or
proportion of disease among exposed persons that can
be attributed to the exposure
- AR difference
- or proportion (attributable risk %)
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AR difference - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ rate exposed -
the rate of unexposed
AR Percent - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ (rate (exposed)-(rate
of unexposed)) /
(rate of exposed) all X100
AR - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ - measure benefits
Population AR (PAR) - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ amount of
proportion of disease in population can be attributed to
the exposure
- Rate Difference (PAR): Computed as the difference
between the rate in the entire population and the rate
among the unexposed.
PAR= Rate(population)- Rate(unexposed).
- Proportion (PAR): Computed as a percent of the rate in
the entire
population.
PAR%=[ [Rate(population)- Rate(unexposed)]/
Rate(population)]x 100
, 4|Page
what is a good measure of absolute risk? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ - incidence rates
-Incidence density rate
-Cumulative incidence
intent to treat - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ have to keep
subjects as their original intent of treatment
- if not then bias is introduced
- crossing over causes issues
On January 10, 2000, surveys were given to employees
of three different companies, to assess what factors
might be leading to professional burnout. The survey
included questions regarding demographic variables,
working hours, personal and familial history of
depression, current depressive symptomatology, and
current symptoms of professional burnout. Current
depressive symptomatology was most strongly
correlated with current symptoms of professional
burnout. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Cross-Sectional
- because subjects were selected at 3 different
companies not because of exposure or outcomes status
- because both outcome and exposures were measured
at the same time with the same instrument
PM 512 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
The obstetric and delivery records of the mothers of 100
infants with neonatal jaundice (NJ) were reviewed for
evidence of several prenatal exposures. The same
information was obtained on the mothers of a sample of
100 non-jaundiced infants born in the same hospital
during the same time period. No clear associations were
found between these prenatal exposures and NJ. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ case-control
we know this cause they were selected of the same year
and based on their birth status
then they were compared for exposures between cases
and then controls
relative risk - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ risk of exposure/
not exposure
- measure of excess risk in one group compared to
another
,2|Page
95% confidence interval - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ the
range within which the true population mean lies, with
95% certainty
- still an estimate of the sample so never can be 100%
- has error
95% confidence interval not including 1 - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ - reject null hypothesis
- the pbservered RR is statistically significantly different
from 1 at the 0.5 level
95% confidence interval including 1 - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ not certain that the RR is different from 1
- do not reject the null hypothesis
- conclude the observed RR is not stat. significant
different from 1
- includes the null value
attributable risk - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ - amount or
proportion of disease among exposed persons that can
be attributed to the exposure
- AR difference
- or proportion (attributable risk %)
,3|Page
AR difference - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ rate exposed -
the rate of unexposed
AR Percent - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ (rate (exposed)-(rate
of unexposed)) /
(rate of exposed) all X100
AR - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ - measure benefits
Population AR (PAR) - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ amount of
proportion of disease in population can be attributed to
the exposure
- Rate Difference (PAR): Computed as the difference
between the rate in the entire population and the rate
among the unexposed.
PAR= Rate(population)- Rate(unexposed).
- Proportion (PAR): Computed as a percent of the rate in
the entire
population.
PAR%=[ [Rate(population)- Rate(unexposed)]/
Rate(population)]x 100
, 4|Page
what is a good measure of absolute risk? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ - incidence rates
-Incidence density rate
-Cumulative incidence
intent to treat - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ have to keep
subjects as their original intent of treatment
- if not then bias is introduced
- crossing over causes issues
On January 10, 2000, surveys were given to employees
of three different companies, to assess what factors
might be leading to professional burnout. The survey
included questions regarding demographic variables,
working hours, personal and familial history of
depression, current depressive symptomatology, and
current symptoms of professional burnout. Current
depressive symptomatology was most strongly
correlated with current symptoms of professional
burnout. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Cross-Sectional
- because subjects were selected at 3 different
companies not because of exposure or outcomes status
- because both outcome and exposures were measured
at the same time with the same instrument
