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BCIT 7150 Midterm Exam 2025
Beginning of module #1:
Heart sound: S1 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ closure of the
mitral and tricuspid valve
heard at beginning systole
Heart sound: S2 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ closure of aortic
and pulmonic valve
heard at end of systole
Heart sound: S3 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ rapid filling of
the ventricle during early diastole
heard after S2
Heart sound: S4 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ sound of atrial
contraction against a distended ventricle
heard before S1
Stroke volume - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ amount of blood
ejected with each contraction
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mL/beat
Cardiac output - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ HR x SV
one will compensate for the other by increasing or
decreasing (mostly HR)
What can impact stroke volume? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Contractility, preload, afterload
Preload - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ the volume of blood in
the ventricles at end-diastole
Preload is influenced by: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Venous
return
Afterload - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ force that the
ventricles must pump to force blood out
With increased resistance, the heart must ___________
more forcefully to maintain normal workload -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Contract
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Afterload is influenced by... - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
diameter of vessel (vascular tone), valve diameter and
blood viscosity
What implication does increased resistance of afterload
have on O2 demand? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The heart
will have to pump harder (contractility increased) in
order to force blood out --> this will increase workload
--> increase myocardial oxygen demand
Starlings Law - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ If preload
decreases, so will contractility of the heart
What increases or decreases vascular tone? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ vasoconstriction or vasodilation
Vasoconstriction leads to a decrease/increase in
afterload? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase
Vasodilation leads to a decrease/increase in afterload?
- .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Decrease
What causes vasoconstriction? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
catecholamines (EPI, nor-EPI) coming from adrenal gland
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hypothermia
drugs
What causes vasodilation? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
hyperthermia
drugs
systemic infection
Contractility - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ ability of the hearts
myofibrils to change strength
Contractility is influenced by... - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
preload (due to Starlings law)
SNS stimulation
external factors (affects the amount of calcium used by
the myocardial cell)
Contractility can be decreased by... - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ inadequate O2 supply to myocardial tissue
BCIT 7150 Midterm Exam 2025
Beginning of module #1:
Heart sound: S1 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ closure of the
mitral and tricuspid valve
heard at beginning systole
Heart sound: S2 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ closure of aortic
and pulmonic valve
heard at end of systole
Heart sound: S3 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ rapid filling of
the ventricle during early diastole
heard after S2
Heart sound: S4 - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ sound of atrial
contraction against a distended ventricle
heard before S1
Stroke volume - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ amount of blood
ejected with each contraction
,2|Page
mL/beat
Cardiac output - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ HR x SV
one will compensate for the other by increasing or
decreasing (mostly HR)
What can impact stroke volume? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Contractility, preload, afterload
Preload - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ the volume of blood in
the ventricles at end-diastole
Preload is influenced by: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Venous
return
Afterload - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ force that the
ventricles must pump to force blood out
With increased resistance, the heart must ___________
more forcefully to maintain normal workload -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Contract
,3|Page
Afterload is influenced by... - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
diameter of vessel (vascular tone), valve diameter and
blood viscosity
What implication does increased resistance of afterload
have on O2 demand? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The heart
will have to pump harder (contractility increased) in
order to force blood out --> this will increase workload
--> increase myocardial oxygen demand
Starlings Law - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ If preload
decreases, so will contractility of the heart
What increases or decreases vascular tone? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ vasoconstriction or vasodilation
Vasoconstriction leads to a decrease/increase in
afterload? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase
Vasodilation leads to a decrease/increase in afterload?
- .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Decrease
What causes vasoconstriction? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
catecholamines (EPI, nor-EPI) coming from adrenal gland
, 4|Page
hypothermia
drugs
What causes vasodilation? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
hyperthermia
drugs
systemic infection
Contractility - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ ability of the hearts
myofibrils to change strength
Contractility is influenced by... - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
preload (due to Starlings law)
SNS stimulation
external factors (affects the amount of calcium used by
the myocardial cell)
Contractility can be decreased by... - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ inadequate O2 supply to myocardial tissue
