age 1 of 47
ANP 650 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <BRAND NEW VERSION>
Hypercapnia .......Answer.........High carbon dioxide levels
generate H+, which excites chemoreceptors to increase
respiration rate so that more CO2 is expelled
Hyperventilation .......Answer.........Increase in breathing that
exceeds the body's need to remove CO2 (too much is released),
causing hypocapnia. Cerebral vessels constrict and blood flow to
the brain goes down
Elastic arteries .......Answer.........Thick walled and near the heart.
They have the largest lumens and are considered to be the
conducting vessels (send blood from heart to medium arteries)
,age 2 of 47
Atherosclerosis .......Answer.........Hardening of the arteries. Blood
flow gushes/trickles as the heart beats, causing the vessel walls
to weaken or eventually balloon out (aneurysm), or burst
Muscular arteries .......Answer.........Considered to be the
distributing vessels (deliver blood to organs). Diameter ranges
greatly
Arterioles .......Answer.........The resistance vessels: diameter
determines blood flow to capillaries as a mechanism of
homeostasis that responds to neural, hormonal, and chemical
influences
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels? .......Answer.........Tunica
intima, tunica media and tunica externa
Innermost tunica intima .......Answer.........Simple squamous
epithelium to allow a low friction surface
,age 3 of 47
Middle tunica media .......Answer.........Smooth muscle and elastic
tissue to control the diameter
Outermost tunica externa .......Answer.........Nerve and elastic
fibers
Vasa vasorum .......Answer.........Tiny blood vessels that supply
blood for larger ones
Vasoconstriction .......Answer.........Smooth muscle constricts to
decrease the diameter
Vasodilation .......Answer.........Smooth muscle relaxes to increase
the diameter
Capillaries .......Answer.........Microscopic vessels with thin walls.
They allow the exchange of gasses, nutrients and hormones
between the blood and the interstitial fluid (then to the tissues)
, age 4 of 47
Continuous capillaries .......Answer.........Least permeable and most
common
Fenestrated capillaries .......Answer.........Fenestrations increase
permeability
Sinusoid capillaries .......Answer.........Most permeable to allow
large cells to pass. Incomplete basement membrane and large
intercellular cleft
Capillary beds .......Answer.........Connections between terminal
arterioles and postcapillary venules. True capillaries are the
exchange vessels and the vascular shunt (thoroughfare channel)
bypasses tissue cells
Precapillary sphincter .......Answer.........A smooth muscle cuff that
regulates blood flow (like a valve)
ANP 650 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <BRAND NEW VERSION>
Hypercapnia .......Answer.........High carbon dioxide levels
generate H+, which excites chemoreceptors to increase
respiration rate so that more CO2 is expelled
Hyperventilation .......Answer.........Increase in breathing that
exceeds the body's need to remove CO2 (too much is released),
causing hypocapnia. Cerebral vessels constrict and blood flow to
the brain goes down
Elastic arteries .......Answer.........Thick walled and near the heart.
They have the largest lumens and are considered to be the
conducting vessels (send blood from heart to medium arteries)
,age 2 of 47
Atherosclerosis .......Answer.........Hardening of the arteries. Blood
flow gushes/trickles as the heart beats, causing the vessel walls
to weaken or eventually balloon out (aneurysm), or burst
Muscular arteries .......Answer.........Considered to be the
distributing vessels (deliver blood to organs). Diameter ranges
greatly
Arterioles .......Answer.........The resistance vessels: diameter
determines blood flow to capillaries as a mechanism of
homeostasis that responds to neural, hormonal, and chemical
influences
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels? .......Answer.........Tunica
intima, tunica media and tunica externa
Innermost tunica intima .......Answer.........Simple squamous
epithelium to allow a low friction surface
,age 3 of 47
Middle tunica media .......Answer.........Smooth muscle and elastic
tissue to control the diameter
Outermost tunica externa .......Answer.........Nerve and elastic
fibers
Vasa vasorum .......Answer.........Tiny blood vessels that supply
blood for larger ones
Vasoconstriction .......Answer.........Smooth muscle constricts to
decrease the diameter
Vasodilation .......Answer.........Smooth muscle relaxes to increase
the diameter
Capillaries .......Answer.........Microscopic vessels with thin walls.
They allow the exchange of gasses, nutrients and hormones
between the blood and the interstitial fluid (then to the tissues)
, age 4 of 47
Continuous capillaries .......Answer.........Least permeable and most
common
Fenestrated capillaries .......Answer.........Fenestrations increase
permeability
Sinusoid capillaries .......Answer.........Most permeable to allow
large cells to pass. Incomplete basement membrane and large
intercellular cleft
Capillary beds .......Answer.........Connections between terminal
arterioles and postcapillary venules. True capillaries are the
exchange vessels and the vascular shunt (thoroughfare channel)
bypasses tissue cells
Precapillary sphincter .......Answer.........A smooth muscle cuff that
regulates blood flow (like a valve)
