NUR -641 E FINAL EXAM 2025-
2026 STUDYGUIDE ORGANIZED
QUESTIONS ,STEP BY STEP
EXPLANATIONS AND REVIEW
GUIDE ALREADY GRADED A+
AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS
(LATEST VERSION !!!!!!!)
4-5 half-lives of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Steady state (SS) is
usually reached within
Half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-is how long it takes for
half the drug to be excreted from the body.
half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-determines how frequently
the drug must be administered.
half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-predicts how long toxic
effects can last.
first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - THE CORRECT ANSWER-means
the metabolism is directly proportional to the free
concentration of the drug .
,Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs - THE CORRECT ANSWER-What drugs may
have decreased activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it.
laboratory research to develop the new drug, Preclinical
research with animal testing for safety, Clinical research on
healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
(Phase I), Clinical research in humans primarily for medication
safety usually in a population for which the treatment is
intended (Phase II), Clinical research in humans comparing the
new drug to accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and
safety (Phase III), FDA review of the results to determine
approval, Postmarketing study to identify adverse effects not
found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV). - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA Discovery:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe
Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), The
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), The Institute of
Medicine (IOM), The Joint Commission, The National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and
Prevention (NCC MERP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Safe Use Initiative and the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-Medication safety organizations include the
pharmacological and idiosyncratic. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Two
basic type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs):
,pharmacological. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-85% to 90% of adverse
drug reactions (ADRs) are
medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Adverse drug
reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital
or nursing home setting, and include
the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported. - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-ADRs are not commonly reported;
Polypharmacy involves - THE CORRECT ANSWER-using multiple
health care providers for care, using multiple medications, and
using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril,
fosinopril.
ACEIs reduce blood pressure by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-suppressing
the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if
angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan
, (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and
valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-blocking
angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension accounts - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
for 90% of case
secondary hypertension may be caused by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-IV, SL, as a topical ointment, and as a
transdermal patch.
Nitrates are contraindicated with - THE CORRECT ANSWER-PDE-5
inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil and vardenafil).
Amiodarone is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-coexisting heart failure; can cause thyroid and
pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation results in - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade results in - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
2026 STUDYGUIDE ORGANIZED
QUESTIONS ,STEP BY STEP
EXPLANATIONS AND REVIEW
GUIDE ALREADY GRADED A+
AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS
(LATEST VERSION !!!!!!!)
4-5 half-lives of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Steady state (SS) is
usually reached within
Half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-is how long it takes for
half the drug to be excreted from the body.
half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-determines how frequently
the drug must be administered.
half life of a drug - THE CORRECT ANSWER-predicts how long toxic
effects can last.
first-order (linear) pharmacokinetics - THE CORRECT ANSWER-means
the metabolism is directly proportional to the free
concentration of the drug .
,Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
means a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs - THE CORRECT ANSWER-What drugs may
have decreased activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used
along with it.
laboratory research to develop the new drug, Preclinical
research with animal testing for safety, Clinical research on
healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics
(Phase I), Clinical research in humans primarily for medication
safety usually in a population for which the treatment is
intended (Phase II), Clinical research in humans comparing the
new drug to accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and
safety (Phase III), FDA review of the results to determine
approval, Postmarketing study to identify adverse effects not
found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV). - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
Drug development process involves these steps according to the
FDA Discovery:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe
Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), The
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), The Institute of
Medicine (IOM), The Joint Commission, The National
Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and
Prevention (NCC MERP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Safe Use Initiative and the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-Medication safety organizations include the
pharmacological and idiosyncratic. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Two
basic type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs):
,pharmacological. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-85% to 90% of adverse
drug reactions (ADRs) are
medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions. - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Adverse drug
reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital
or nursing home setting, and include
the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported. - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-ADRs are not commonly reported;
Polypharmacy involves - THE CORRECT ANSWER-using multiple
health care providers for care, using multiple medications, and
using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril,
fosinopril.
ACEIs reduce blood pressure by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-suppressing
the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if
angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan
, (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and
valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-blocking
angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension accounts - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
for 90% of case
secondary hypertension may be caused by - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-IV, SL, as a topical ointment, and as a
transdermal patch.
Nitrates are contraindicated with - THE CORRECT ANSWER-PDE-5
inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil and vardenafil).
Amiodarone is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-coexisting heart failure; can cause thyroid and
pulmonary toxicity.
Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation results in - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade results in - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
