FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE EXAM QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST 2025-2026
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? - Answers (2)
Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - Answers Removal of waste
products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? - Answers Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with
important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - Answers stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - Answers The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol,
its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by
helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - Answers No longer produce calcitriol - the
active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone -
bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer
excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o
Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - Answers Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-
outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - Answers Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia - Answers build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - Answers A membrane made from protein, with small
pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - Answers
Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of each
electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? - Answers Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - Answers Clotted fibers cause the
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy.
As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - Answers The blood
compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable membrane.
The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
, What are three types of solutions? - Answers • Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-
containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - Answers Patients
develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment.
Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms
of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - Answers 50 ml of saline should be drained
from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? - Answers
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - Answers The dialyzer should be
checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if out of the
package should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size and brand
that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? - Answers Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an
electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and
maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: - Answers Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? - Answers
During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or bloodstream.
What is dialysate? - Answers Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to remove
waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of - Answers treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? - Answers sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium
(Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? - Answers Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct"
an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? - Answers pH, conductivity,
monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach) after routine
(weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? - Answers also called sodium modeling is a physician-ordered
intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? - Answers (2)
Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - Answers Removal of waste
products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? - Answers Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with
important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin - Answers stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? - Answers The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol,
its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by
helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? - Answers No longer produce calcitriol - the
active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone -
bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer
excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages o
Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? - Answers Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-
outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis? - Answers Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia - Answers build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? - Answers A membrane made from protein, with small
pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? - Answers
Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of each
electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? - Answers Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - Answers Clotted fibers cause the
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy.
As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - Answers The blood
compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable membrane.
The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
, What are three types of solutions? - Answers • Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-
containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - Answers Patients
develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half hour of treatment.
Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms
of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? - Answers 50 ml of saline should be drained
from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? - Answers
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? - Answers The dialyzer should be
checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if out of the
package should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size and brand
that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? - Answers Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an
electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and
maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: - Answers Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? - Answers
During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or bloodstream.
What is dialysate? - Answers Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to remove
waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of - Answers treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? - Answers sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium
(Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? - Answers Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct"
an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? - Answers pH, conductivity,
monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach) after routine
(weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? - Answers also called sodium modeling is a physician-ordered
intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three
