Test Bank For Pathophysiology
6th, 7th Edition
Eukaryotic cell - ANSWERSContains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - ANSWERSMembrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - ANSWERSProcess of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - ANSWERSRegion within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - ANSWERSDissolve bilayer to remove attached proteins.
Ligands - ANSWERSMolecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - ANSWERSExtracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic cancer.
Cell junction - ANSWERSStructure allowing direct communication between adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling - ANSWERSLocal chemical mediators affecting nearby cells.
Enzyme affinity - ANSWERSHigh attraction of enzymes to specific substrates.
Metabolic absorption - ANSWERSCellular process of nutrient uptake for energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - ANSWERSProteins that help cells stick to each other.
Glycoproteins - ANSWERSProteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell identity.
,Gap junction - ANSWERSChannels allowing communication between adjacent cells.
Desmosome - ANSWERSStructure providing mechanical stability between cells.
Tight junction - ANSWERSBarrier preventing leakage between epithelial cells.
Mitochondria - ANSWERSOrganelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - ANSWERSSites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm - ANSWERSFluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - ANSWERSStructural protein in extracellular matrix, providing support.
Elastin - ANSWERSProtein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - ANSWERSPancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - ANSWERSPancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - ANSWERSLocal chemical mediators quickly taken up or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - ANSWERSEach enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - ANSWERSLack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - ANSWERSPhase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - ANSWERSIncludes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, citric acid cycle.
,Anaerobic glycolysis - ANSWERSOccurs without oxygen for continued muscle performance.
Diffusion - ANSWERSMovement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - ANSWERSElectrically charged molecules essential for bodily functions.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWERSDetermined by concentration of plasma proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERSForce of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - ANSWERSMovement of molecules against a concentration gradient.
Osmosis - ANSWERSMovement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - ANSWERSInitial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - ANSWERSPhase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - ANSWERSResult of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
Substrate - ANSWERSSpecific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolism - ANSWERSProcess of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.
Fluid concentration - ANSWERSMeasured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressure - ANSWERSAnother term for oncotic pressure.
, Energy transfer - ANSWERSMechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentration - ANSWERSRefers to the amount of solute in a solution.
Metabolic absorption - ANSWERSProcess of cells taking in nutrients.
Respiration - ANSWERSCellular process of converting nutrients to energy.
Osmolality - ANSWERSConcentration of molecules per weight of water.
Osmolarity - ANSWERSConcentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic Pressure - ANSWERSHydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water movement.
Oncotic Pressure - ANSWERSPressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid movement.
Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWERSPressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
Osmosis - ANSWERSFluid movement from high to low concentration.
Diffusion - ANSWERSPassive solute movement from high to low concentration.
Active Transport - ANSWERSEnergy-requiring movement against concentration gradient.
ATPase - ANSWERSEnzyme facilitating sodium and potassium transport.
Symport - ANSWERSTransport of Na+ and Ca2+ in same direction.
Uniport - ANSWERSTransport of a single molecule across membrane.
6th, 7th Edition
Eukaryotic cell - ANSWERSContains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - ANSWERSMembrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - ANSWERSProcess of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - ANSWERSRegion within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - ANSWERSDissolve bilayer to remove attached proteins.
Ligands - ANSWERSMolecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - ANSWERSExtracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic cancer.
Cell junction - ANSWERSStructure allowing direct communication between adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling - ANSWERSLocal chemical mediators affecting nearby cells.
Enzyme affinity - ANSWERSHigh attraction of enzymes to specific substrates.
Metabolic absorption - ANSWERSCellular process of nutrient uptake for energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - ANSWERSProteins that help cells stick to each other.
Glycoproteins - ANSWERSProteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell identity.
,Gap junction - ANSWERSChannels allowing communication between adjacent cells.
Desmosome - ANSWERSStructure providing mechanical stability between cells.
Tight junction - ANSWERSBarrier preventing leakage between epithelial cells.
Mitochondria - ANSWERSOrganelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - ANSWERSSites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm - ANSWERSFluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - ANSWERSStructural protein in extracellular matrix, providing support.
Elastin - ANSWERSProtein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - ANSWERSPancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - ANSWERSPancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - ANSWERSLocal chemical mediators quickly taken up or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - ANSWERSEach enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - ANSWERSLack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - ANSWERSPhase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - ANSWERSIncludes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, citric acid cycle.
,Anaerobic glycolysis - ANSWERSOccurs without oxygen for continued muscle performance.
Diffusion - ANSWERSMovement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - ANSWERSElectrically charged molecules essential for bodily functions.
Oncotic pressure - ANSWERSDetermined by concentration of plasma proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERSForce of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - ANSWERSMovement of molecules against a concentration gradient.
Osmosis - ANSWERSMovement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - ANSWERSInitial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - ANSWERSPhase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - ANSWERSResult of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
Substrate - ANSWERSSpecific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolism - ANSWERSProcess of breaking down carbohydrates for energy.
Fluid concentration - ANSWERSMeasured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressure - ANSWERSAnother term for oncotic pressure.
, Energy transfer - ANSWERSMechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentration - ANSWERSRefers to the amount of solute in a solution.
Metabolic absorption - ANSWERSProcess of cells taking in nutrients.
Respiration - ANSWERSCellular process of converting nutrients to energy.
Osmolality - ANSWERSConcentration of molecules per weight of water.
Osmolarity - ANSWERSConcentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic Pressure - ANSWERSHydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water movement.
Oncotic Pressure - ANSWERSPressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid movement.
Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWERSPressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
Osmosis - ANSWERSFluid movement from high to low concentration.
Diffusion - ANSWERSPassive solute movement from high to low concentration.
Active Transport - ANSWERSEnergy-requiring movement against concentration gradient.
ATPase - ANSWERSEnzyme facilitating sodium and potassium transport.
Symport - ANSWERSTransport of Na+ and Ca2+ in same direction.
Uniport - ANSWERSTransport of a single molecule across membrane.
