Page 1 of 50
NR 283 / NR283 Quiz 4 Concept List Study Guide
(Latest 2025): Pathophysiology - Chamberlain
Osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....Happens when Bone resorption
exceeds formation due to decrease in bone density.
Results in loss of compact bone due to holes in the bone and the
bone can break easily
Diagnosis of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....bone density scan
complication of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....fractures of
vertebrae, wrist, or hip can also lead to kyphosis and scoliosis if
not diagnose early
Predisposing Factors of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....Age 50+
years
Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
,Page 2 of 50
Hormonal factors: Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone
(PTH) and Deficit of estrogen (post menopausesal women) or
testosterone
Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
Cigarette smoking ( decrease bone density)
Asian or European ancestry
Excessive caffeine intake
muscular dystrophy (MD) .....ANSWER.....group of autosomal
recessive disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal
muscle
Duchenne MD .....ANSWER.....most common type of Muscular
Dystrophy (MD) affecting only males. Females are carriers .
Signs and symptoms appears at age 2 to 3
Duchenne MD Signs and symptoms .....ANSWER.....early motor
weakness
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Weakness in pelvic girdle causing waddling gait, difficulty
climbing stairs
Gower Maneuver to stand : pushing up to erect position
Tendon reflexes reduced
Deformities develop, such as kyphoscoliosis.
Respiratory infections common due to weakness because they
can't breath in deeply
Cardiac myopathy occurs commonly.
diagnosis of Duchenne MD .....ANSWER.....Elevated creatine
kinase levels
Electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Blood test shows abnormal dystrophin levels
, Page 4 of 50
Osteoarthritis .....ANSWER.....Degenerative—wear and tear joint
disease
Inflammation of bone and joint. May be the result of increased
weight-bearing or lifting
Affect men more than women
Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis .....ANSWER.....Articular
cartilage is damaged causing Surface of cartilage becomes
rough and worn
Tissue damage causes release of enzymes, accelerating
disintegration of cartilage.
Subchondral bone may be exposed.
Cysts, osteophytes, or new bone spurs develop.
Osteophytes and cartilage break off.
Joint space becomes narrower.
Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
NR 283 / NR283 Quiz 4 Concept List Study Guide
(Latest 2025): Pathophysiology - Chamberlain
Osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....Happens when Bone resorption
exceeds formation due to decrease in bone density.
Results in loss of compact bone due to holes in the bone and the
bone can break easily
Diagnosis of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....bone density scan
complication of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....fractures of
vertebrae, wrist, or hip can also lead to kyphosis and scoliosis if
not diagnose early
Predisposing Factors of osteoporosis .....ANSWER.....Age 50+
years
Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
,Page 2 of 50
Hormonal factors: Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone
(PTH) and Deficit of estrogen (post menopausesal women) or
testosterone
Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
Cigarette smoking ( decrease bone density)
Asian or European ancestry
Excessive caffeine intake
muscular dystrophy (MD) .....ANSWER.....group of autosomal
recessive disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal
muscle
Duchenne MD .....ANSWER.....most common type of Muscular
Dystrophy (MD) affecting only males. Females are carriers .
Signs and symptoms appears at age 2 to 3
Duchenne MD Signs and symptoms .....ANSWER.....early motor
weakness
,Page 3 of 50
Weakness in pelvic girdle causing waddling gait, difficulty
climbing stairs
Gower Maneuver to stand : pushing up to erect position
Tendon reflexes reduced
Deformities develop, such as kyphoscoliosis.
Respiratory infections common due to weakness because they
can't breath in deeply
Cardiac myopathy occurs commonly.
diagnosis of Duchenne MD .....ANSWER.....Elevated creatine
kinase levels
Electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Blood test shows abnormal dystrophin levels
, Page 4 of 50
Osteoarthritis .....ANSWER.....Degenerative—wear and tear joint
disease
Inflammation of bone and joint. May be the result of increased
weight-bearing or lifting
Affect men more than women
Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis .....ANSWER.....Articular
cartilage is damaged causing Surface of cartilage becomes
rough and worn
Tissue damage causes release of enzymes, accelerating
disintegration of cartilage.
Subchondral bone may be exposed.
Cysts, osteophytes, or new bone spurs develop.
Osteophytes and cartilage break off.
Joint space becomes narrower.
Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
