age 1 of 206
NSG 430 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
diffuse axonal injury .......Answer.........caused by shaking or
strong rotation of the head because unmoving brain lags behind
movement of the skull
- Coma immediately develops
- Widespread axon damage
- Seen in 50% of head injuries
- Process takes 12-24 hours
- Associated with prolonged traumatic coma (microhemorrhages
throughout brain)
,age 2 of 206
- Serious and poor prognosis
intracranial hemorrhage .......Answer.........Epidural: space
between skull and dura mater
Subdural: Between the dura and the brain
Intracerebral: Within the brain
epidural hematoma .......Answer.........An artery becomes sheared
S/S: May have brief loss of consciousness with return of lucid
state, increased ICP will often suddenly reduce LOC, S/S of
herniation (elevated BP, bradycardia, changes in LOC)
Treatment: Measures to reduce ICP, remove the clot, stop
bleeding (burr holes, craniotomy), monitor and support body
functions, respiratory support
,age 3 of 206
subdural hematoma .......Answer.........Collection of blood between
dura and brain
Acute: symptoms develop over 24-48 hours
Subacute: symptoms develop over 48 hours to 2 weeks (brain
atrophies)
S/S: Change in LOC pupillary changes, hemiparesis, S/S of
increased ICP, alternating neuro changes, requires immediate
craniotomy to evacuate clot
Chronic: Develops over weeks to months, causative injury may be
minor and forgotten, clinical s/s may fluctuate, treatment is
evacuation of the clot
, age 4 of 206
intracerebral hemorrhage .......Answer.........Bleeding into
parenchyma of brain, caused by trauma or nontraumatic causes
(hypertensive vasculopathy, aneurysm, tumors)
Tx: supportive care, control of ICP, administration of fluids,
electrolytes, antihypertensives, craniotomy/craniectomy to
remove clot and control hemorrhage, may not be possible d/t
location of bleed or lack of circumscribed area
moderate TBI .......Answer.........- moderate GCS 9-12 and LOC
up to 6 hours
Hyponatremia .......Answer.........may cause cerebral edema
management of head injury .......Answer.........- assume cervical
injury until ruled out
NSG 430 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
diffuse axonal injury .......Answer.........caused by shaking or
strong rotation of the head because unmoving brain lags behind
movement of the skull
- Coma immediately develops
- Widespread axon damage
- Seen in 50% of head injuries
- Process takes 12-24 hours
- Associated with prolonged traumatic coma (microhemorrhages
throughout brain)
,age 2 of 206
- Serious and poor prognosis
intracranial hemorrhage .......Answer.........Epidural: space
between skull and dura mater
Subdural: Between the dura and the brain
Intracerebral: Within the brain
epidural hematoma .......Answer.........An artery becomes sheared
S/S: May have brief loss of consciousness with return of lucid
state, increased ICP will often suddenly reduce LOC, S/S of
herniation (elevated BP, bradycardia, changes in LOC)
Treatment: Measures to reduce ICP, remove the clot, stop
bleeding (burr holes, craniotomy), monitor and support body
functions, respiratory support
,age 3 of 206
subdural hematoma .......Answer.........Collection of blood between
dura and brain
Acute: symptoms develop over 24-48 hours
Subacute: symptoms develop over 48 hours to 2 weeks (brain
atrophies)
S/S: Change in LOC pupillary changes, hemiparesis, S/S of
increased ICP, alternating neuro changes, requires immediate
craniotomy to evacuate clot
Chronic: Develops over weeks to months, causative injury may be
minor and forgotten, clinical s/s may fluctuate, treatment is
evacuation of the clot
, age 4 of 206
intracerebral hemorrhage .......Answer.........Bleeding into
parenchyma of brain, caused by trauma or nontraumatic causes
(hypertensive vasculopathy, aneurysm, tumors)
Tx: supportive care, control of ICP, administration of fluids,
electrolytes, antihypertensives, craniotomy/craniectomy to
remove clot and control hemorrhage, may not be possible d/t
location of bleed or lack of circumscribed area
moderate TBI .......Answer.........- moderate GCS 9-12 and LOC
up to 6 hours
Hyponatremia .......Answer.........may cause cerebral edema
management of head injury .......Answer.........- assume cervical
injury until ruled out
