age 1 of 213
NSG 430 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <RECENT VERSION>
encephalitis .......Answer.........Inflammation of the brain tissue
itself (most often viral)
- May be caused by herpes simplex
S/S: Severe headache, fever, confusion, nausea/vomiting,
alterations in LOC, bizarre behavior, S/S of increased ICP
Hx: Recent illness, herpes simplex, west nile, EEE, warm climates
Dx: MRI/CT (may show small hemorrhagic lesions), lumbar
puncture, CBC, blood cultures, throat cultures, EEG, brain biopsy
,age 2 of 213
Care: Isolation precautions (droplet), supportive care, antibiotics
if bacterial, pain/fever control, steroids, monitor and decreased
ICP, antivirals, maintain bedrest as ordered, nonstimulating
environment, neuro assessments every 2-4 hours, seizure
precautions
head injuries .......Answer.........primary injury: caused by the initial
trauma
secondary injury: result of the damage of the initial insult
*assume patients with head injuries also have spinal injuries until
ruled out*
skull fractures .......Answer.........classified by type and location
(linear, open depressed, basilar), may or may not cause brain
damaged, usually localized and persistent pain
,age 3 of 213
basilar fracture .......Answer.........Occurs at base of skull
- Bleeding from nose, pharynx, or ears
- Battle's sign- ecchymosis behind ear
- Halo sign: CSF leak- ring of fluid around the blood stain from
drainage
- Raccoon eyes
concussion (mild TBI) .......Answer.........- GCS 13-15
temporary loss of neurological function with no apparent
structural damage (with or without loss of consciousness)
S/S: Changes in LOC, memory difficulties, difficulty awakening,
lethargy, dizziness, confusion, irritability, behavioral changes,
, age 4 of 213
difficulty in speaking or movement, severe or worsening
headache, vomiting, seizures
Interventions: Rest and sleep, seek medical attention for
repeated vomiting, worsening HA, loss of consciousness,
worsening confusion, seizure activity, weakness/numbness,
changes in vision
contusion (major TBI) .......Answer.........- GCS < 8
- Hemorrhagic necrosis of brain tissue (contusion vs infarct)
contusion: superficial cortex is the first to be destroyed
infarct: the superficial cortex is usually preserved
- usually involves the surface of the brain
NSG 430 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED
PASS <RECENT VERSION>
encephalitis .......Answer.........Inflammation of the brain tissue
itself (most often viral)
- May be caused by herpes simplex
S/S: Severe headache, fever, confusion, nausea/vomiting,
alterations in LOC, bizarre behavior, S/S of increased ICP
Hx: Recent illness, herpes simplex, west nile, EEE, warm climates
Dx: MRI/CT (may show small hemorrhagic lesions), lumbar
puncture, CBC, blood cultures, throat cultures, EEG, brain biopsy
,age 2 of 213
Care: Isolation precautions (droplet), supportive care, antibiotics
if bacterial, pain/fever control, steroids, monitor and decreased
ICP, antivirals, maintain bedrest as ordered, nonstimulating
environment, neuro assessments every 2-4 hours, seizure
precautions
head injuries .......Answer.........primary injury: caused by the initial
trauma
secondary injury: result of the damage of the initial insult
*assume patients with head injuries also have spinal injuries until
ruled out*
skull fractures .......Answer.........classified by type and location
(linear, open depressed, basilar), may or may not cause brain
damaged, usually localized and persistent pain
,age 3 of 213
basilar fracture .......Answer.........Occurs at base of skull
- Bleeding from nose, pharynx, or ears
- Battle's sign- ecchymosis behind ear
- Halo sign: CSF leak- ring of fluid around the blood stain from
drainage
- Raccoon eyes
concussion (mild TBI) .......Answer.........- GCS 13-15
temporary loss of neurological function with no apparent
structural damage (with or without loss of consciousness)
S/S: Changes in LOC, memory difficulties, difficulty awakening,
lethargy, dizziness, confusion, irritability, behavioral changes,
, age 4 of 213
difficulty in speaking or movement, severe or worsening
headache, vomiting, seizures
Interventions: Rest and sleep, seek medical attention for
repeated vomiting, worsening HA, loss of consciousness,
worsening confusion, seizure activity, weakness/numbness,
changes in vision
contusion (major TBI) .......Answer.........- GCS < 8
- Hemorrhagic necrosis of brain tissue (contusion vs infarct)
contusion: superficial cortex is the first to be destroyed
infarct: the superficial cortex is usually preserved
- usually involves the surface of the brain
