NURS6521 Advanced Pharmacology Essentials: Diagnosis & Patient Factors

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NURS6521 / NURS 6521 Mid-term Exam (Latest):

Advanced Pharmacology - Walden

What are effervescent tablets or powders?

.....ANSWER.....Formulations that produce carbon dioxide bubbles

when dissolved in water.

Give examples of effervescent medications.

.....ANSWER.....Effervescent vitamin C tablets or antacids.

What is the hepatic portal circulation? .....ANSWER.....The

circulation of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

What is first-pass metabolism? .....ANSWER.....Metabolism of a

drug that occurs in the liver before it reaches the systemic

circulation.

What medications are used to manage Inflammatory Bowel

Disease (IBD)? .....ANSWER.....Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids,

immunomodulators, and biologic agents.

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What are the common medications used to treat Hypertension?

.....ANSWER.....ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, diuretics, and

calcium channel blockers.

What medications are prescribed for Heart Failure?

.....ANSWER.....ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and

aldosterone antagonists.

What is the treatment approach for Coronary Artery Disease?

.....ANSWER.....Antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, statins, and

nitroglycerin.

What medications are used to manage COPD?

.....ANSWER.....Bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and

phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors.

What medications are used to manage Parkinson's Disease?

.....ANSWER.....Levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine

oxidase inhibitors.

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What medications are commonly prescribed for Alzheimer's

Disease? .....ANSWER.....Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine.

What medications are used for pain relief in osteoarthritis?

.....ANSWER.....Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

and acetaminophen.

What medications are used to manage rheumatoid arthritis?

.....ANSWER.....Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

What are the types of DMARDs used in rheumatoid arthritis?

.....ANSWER.....Methotrexate, biologic agents, and targeted

synthetic DMARDs.

What is the mechanism of action of diphenoxylate HCl with

atropine sulfate? .....ANSWER.....Diphenoxylate is an opioid

receptor agonist that slows down motility in the gastrointestinal

tract, while atropine sulfate discourages abuse of diphenoxylate.

When is diphenoxylate HCl with atropine sulfate used?

.....ANSWER.....It is used for the symptomatic treatment of acute

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or chronic non-specific diarrhea, when non-pharmacological

measures have failed or when opioid-induced diarrhea needs to

be managed.

What are the contraindications of diphenoxylate HCl with

atropine sulfate? .....ANSWER.....It should be avoided in patients

with severe liver disease, known hypersensitivity to opioids,

severe ulcerative colitis, and certain types of infectious diarrhea

(e.g., Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea).

What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?

.....ANSWER.....Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist that

reduces motility, increases transit time, and decreases stool

frequency in the gastrointestinal tract.

When is loperamide used? .....ANSWER.....It is used for the

symptomatic relief of acute non-specific diarrhea and for the

management of chronic diarrhea associated with conditions such