Musculoskeletal System Disorders and Treatments
Exam / 2025-2026 Newest Version / Questions and
Answer / Get 100% Correct Answers Already
Graded A+
Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Tests
For bone disorders: radiography, bone scanning; for muscular
disorders: electromyography (EMG), biopsy; for joint disorders:
radiography, arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
examination of synovial fluid.
Fracture
A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. Fractures occur
because of trauma, neoplasms, or increased stress on bones.
Classification of Fractures
Complete: bone broken, forming separate pieces; Incomplete: bone
only partially broken; Open (compound): skin broken; Closed: skin
not broken; Simple: single break, maintaining alignment and position;
Comminuted: multiple fractures and bone fragments; Compression:
bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces.
Other Types of Fractures
Impacted: one end forced into adjacent bone; Pathologic: results from
weakness; Stress: fatigue fracture; Depressed: skull fractured and
forced into brain; Transverse fracture; Linear fracture; Oblique
fracture; Spiral fracture.
Pathophysiology of Bone Fracture
Fractures initiate an inflammatory response and hemostasis.
Bleeding, edema causes stretching of periosteum (if it is intact) and
swelling of soft tissues → severe pain. Release of bradykinin and
other chemical mediators also contributes to pain. Clot forms at
fracture site. Systemic signs of inflammation may occur.
Healing of Bone Fracture
, Hematoma—fibrin network is formed. Phagocytic cells remove debris.
Fibroblasts lay down new collagen fibers. Chondroblasts form new
cartilage. Formation of procallus (fibrous collar). Osteoblasts
generate new bone. Procallus is replaced by bony callus. Remodeling
of bone, with return to use.
Factors Affecting Bone Healing
Amount of local damage; Proximity of bone ends; Presence of foreign
material or infection; Blood supply to fracture site; Systemic factors,
such as age, nutrition, anemia.
Complications
Muscle spasms; Infections; Ischemia; Fat emboli; Nerve damage;
Failure to heal or development of deformity during healing; Residual
effects such as osteoarthritis.
Compartment Syndrome
Edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between
layers of dense connective tissue (fascia). Ischemia and infarction of
tissue may occur because of compression of arterial blood supply.
Dead tissue may become gangrenous, requiring amputation. A tight
cast can cause compartment syndrome!
CK Level Diagnosis
Diagnosed when CK level is five to ten times the upper limit of normal
(about 1000 units/L).
Kidney Failure Likelihood
Kidney failure likely when CK reaches 15,000 units/L.
Goals of Treatment
Preventing kidney failure and maintaining adequate urinary output are
goals of treatment.
Closed reduction
Pressure to restore bone position
Open reduction
Surgery to align and/or insert pins, screw rods, or plates to align
Dislocation
Separation of two bones at a joint, with loss of contact between
articulating surfaces
Exam / 2025-2026 Newest Version / Questions and
Answer / Get 100% Correct Answers Already
Graded A+
Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Tests
For bone disorders: radiography, bone scanning; for muscular
disorders: electromyography (EMG), biopsy; for joint disorders:
radiography, arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
examination of synovial fluid.
Fracture
A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. Fractures occur
because of trauma, neoplasms, or increased stress on bones.
Classification of Fractures
Complete: bone broken, forming separate pieces; Incomplete: bone
only partially broken; Open (compound): skin broken; Closed: skin
not broken; Simple: single break, maintaining alignment and position;
Comminuted: multiple fractures and bone fragments; Compression:
bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces.
Other Types of Fractures
Impacted: one end forced into adjacent bone; Pathologic: results from
weakness; Stress: fatigue fracture; Depressed: skull fractured and
forced into brain; Transverse fracture; Linear fracture; Oblique
fracture; Spiral fracture.
Pathophysiology of Bone Fracture
Fractures initiate an inflammatory response and hemostasis.
Bleeding, edema causes stretching of periosteum (if it is intact) and
swelling of soft tissues → severe pain. Release of bradykinin and
other chemical mediators also contributes to pain. Clot forms at
fracture site. Systemic signs of inflammation may occur.
Healing of Bone Fracture
, Hematoma—fibrin network is formed. Phagocytic cells remove debris.
Fibroblasts lay down new collagen fibers. Chondroblasts form new
cartilage. Formation of procallus (fibrous collar). Osteoblasts
generate new bone. Procallus is replaced by bony callus. Remodeling
of bone, with return to use.
Factors Affecting Bone Healing
Amount of local damage; Proximity of bone ends; Presence of foreign
material or infection; Blood supply to fracture site; Systemic factors,
such as age, nutrition, anemia.
Complications
Muscle spasms; Infections; Ischemia; Fat emboli; Nerve damage;
Failure to heal or development of deformity during healing; Residual
effects such as osteoarthritis.
Compartment Syndrome
Edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between
layers of dense connective tissue (fascia). Ischemia and infarction of
tissue may occur because of compression of arterial blood supply.
Dead tissue may become gangrenous, requiring amputation. A tight
cast can cause compartment syndrome!
CK Level Diagnosis
Diagnosed when CK level is five to ten times the upper limit of normal
(about 1000 units/L).
Kidney Failure Likelihood
Kidney failure likely when CK reaches 15,000 units/L.
Goals of Treatment
Preventing kidney failure and maintaining adequate urinary output are
goals of treatment.
Closed reduction
Pressure to restore bone position
Open reduction
Surgery to align and/or insert pins, screw rods, or plates to align
Dislocation
Separation of two bones at a joint, with loss of contact between
articulating surfaces
