11/9/25, 7:06
PM
NUR2392 EXAM 2: MODULES 4-6 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums, often with
redness, swelling, and bleeding.
Typically caused by plaque buildup
and poor hygiene.
Stomatitis Inflammation of the oral mucosa,
frequently due to infection,
medications, or autoimmune disease.
May involve painful ulcers.
Oral candidiasis A fungal infection from Candida albicans that
(thrush) appears as creamy white plaques,
leaving a red base when wiped. Common
in immunocompromised patients or after
antibiotic use.
Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the
esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
Gastroesophageal - causes: weak or incompetent lower
Reflux Disease (GERD) esophageal sphincter (LES), increased
intra- abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia,
1/
21
,11/9/25, 7:06
PM
and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia,
chronic cough or hoarseness.
Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic
Esophageal Cancer GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus),
obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach
or duodenum; caused by disruption of
Peptic Ulcer Disease mucosal defense, allowing acid and
(PUD) pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use,
stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain
worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved
with food.
Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and
Oral Cavity and oropharyngeal cavities.
Oropharyngeal - risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
Cancers - S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight
loss.
Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
2/
21
, 11/9/25, 7:06
PM
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking,
Gastric Cancer pernicious anemia, diets high in
salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain,
fatigue.
Lack of proper nutrition.
Malnutrition - causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption,
chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin,
brittle nails.
Obesity BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Behaviors or exposures that can be
Factors changed through education, lifestyle
change, or medical intervention.
Non-Modifiable Risk Risk factors that cannot be changed
Factors but guide clinical vigilance and patient
education.
Direct visualization of the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum using a
Esophagogastroduode flexible scope.
noscopy (EGD) - Indications: Persistent heartburn,
dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight
loss, suspected ulcer or tumor.
Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples
Biopsy (during EGD) for histologic evaluation.
3/
21
PM
NUR2392 EXAM 2: MODULES 4-6 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums, often with
redness, swelling, and bleeding.
Typically caused by plaque buildup
and poor hygiene.
Stomatitis Inflammation of the oral mucosa,
frequently due to infection,
medications, or autoimmune disease.
May involve painful ulcers.
Oral candidiasis A fungal infection from Candida albicans that
(thrush) appears as creamy white plaques,
leaving a red base when wiped. Common
in immunocompromised patients or after
antibiotic use.
Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the
esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
Gastroesophageal - causes: weak or incompetent lower
Reflux Disease (GERD) esophageal sphincter (LES), increased
intra- abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia,
1/
21
,11/9/25, 7:06
PM
and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia,
chronic cough or hoarseness.
Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic
Esophageal Cancer GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus),
obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach
or duodenum; caused by disruption of
Peptic Ulcer Disease mucosal defense, allowing acid and
(PUD) pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use,
stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain
worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved
with food.
Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and
Oral Cavity and oropharyngeal cavities.
Oropharyngeal - risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
Cancers - S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight
loss.
Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
2/
21
, 11/9/25, 7:06
PM
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking,
Gastric Cancer pernicious anemia, diets high in
salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain,
fatigue.
Lack of proper nutrition.
Malnutrition - causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption,
chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin,
brittle nails.
Obesity BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Behaviors or exposures that can be
Factors changed through education, lifestyle
change, or medical intervention.
Non-Modifiable Risk Risk factors that cannot be changed
Factors but guide clinical vigilance and patient
education.
Direct visualization of the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum using a
Esophagogastroduode flexible scope.
noscopy (EGD) - Indications: Persistent heartburn,
dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight
loss, suspected ulcer or tumor.
Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples
Biopsy (during EGD) for histologic evaluation.
3/
21
