ADVANCED MED-SURG PRINCIPLES JERSEY
COLLEGE MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Potassium. Answer: necessary for neuromuscular and
cardiovascular function.
◉ Calcium. Answer: helps regulate muscle contraction and
relaxation. Affects the threshold potential so hypercalcemia
contributes to muscle weakness and coma while hypocalcemia
contributes to muscle irritability and tetany
◉ Magnesium. Answer: helps with carbohydrate and protein
metabolism, affects neuromuscular function and provides
vasodilation
◉ Hypokalemia. Answer: cause muscle weakness, EKG changes
(inverted Twaves and ST depression, weak irregular pulse, paralytic
ileus, tachydysrhythmias, PVC's, VT, constipation and U waves
◉ Hyperkalemia. Answer: may cause diarrhea, irritability, muscle
weakness and EKG changes (tall tented T waves, absent P waves,
prolonged PR interval and QRS duration
,◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: present with thirst, dry mucous
membranes, lethargy, restlessness, tachycardia and hypertension
◉ Signs of Hypocalcemia. Answer: tetany, muscle twitching,
bronchospasm, laryngeal spasms, seizures, hyper irritability
◉ Tetany. Answer: A classic sign for low magnesium
◉ Hyponatremia clinical manifestations. Answer: headaches,
seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, decrease in BP, thready pulse,
hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramps. Reduction in
intravasular volume so BP decreases
◉ Restrict fluids. Answer: In the setting of hyponatremia with fluid
volume overload
◉ Monitor LOC. Answer: vitals, I&O and weight in the setting of
hyponatremia
◉ Severe hyponatremia. Answer: could result in Coma, respiratory
arrest or seizures.
, ◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: Pulls water out of cells, excessive sodium
retention and loss in fluids from being NPO or from illness puts the
client at risk for hypernatremia
◉ The elderly. Answer: have an impaired thirst mechanism are at a
greater risk hypernatremia
◉ Prepare to infuse. Answer: hypotonic .45%, isotonic .9%,
depending on serum osmolarity, in the setting of hypernatremia
◉ Potassium imbalance. Answer: cardiac arrest is a complication
◉ foods high in potassium. Answer: avocado, banana, canteloupe,
broccoli and dried fruits
◉ Ways to reduce hyperkalemia. Answer: insulin, sodium bicarb,
kayexalate, diuretics
◉ Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs.. Answer: Classic tests/signs
that are indicative of hypocalcemia.
◉ 3 main causes of hypocalcemia. Answer: End-stage renal disease,
malabsorption, post thyroidectomy
COLLEGE MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Potassium. Answer: necessary for neuromuscular and
cardiovascular function.
◉ Calcium. Answer: helps regulate muscle contraction and
relaxation. Affects the threshold potential so hypercalcemia
contributes to muscle weakness and coma while hypocalcemia
contributes to muscle irritability and tetany
◉ Magnesium. Answer: helps with carbohydrate and protein
metabolism, affects neuromuscular function and provides
vasodilation
◉ Hypokalemia. Answer: cause muscle weakness, EKG changes
(inverted Twaves and ST depression, weak irregular pulse, paralytic
ileus, tachydysrhythmias, PVC's, VT, constipation and U waves
◉ Hyperkalemia. Answer: may cause diarrhea, irritability, muscle
weakness and EKG changes (tall tented T waves, absent P waves,
prolonged PR interval and QRS duration
,◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: present with thirst, dry mucous
membranes, lethargy, restlessness, tachycardia and hypertension
◉ Signs of Hypocalcemia. Answer: tetany, muscle twitching,
bronchospasm, laryngeal spasms, seizures, hyper irritability
◉ Tetany. Answer: A classic sign for low magnesium
◉ Hyponatremia clinical manifestations. Answer: headaches,
seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, decrease in BP, thready pulse,
hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramps. Reduction in
intravasular volume so BP decreases
◉ Restrict fluids. Answer: In the setting of hyponatremia with fluid
volume overload
◉ Monitor LOC. Answer: vitals, I&O and weight in the setting of
hyponatremia
◉ Severe hyponatremia. Answer: could result in Coma, respiratory
arrest or seizures.
, ◉ Hypernatremia. Answer: Pulls water out of cells, excessive sodium
retention and loss in fluids from being NPO or from illness puts the
client at risk for hypernatremia
◉ The elderly. Answer: have an impaired thirst mechanism are at a
greater risk hypernatremia
◉ Prepare to infuse. Answer: hypotonic .45%, isotonic .9%,
depending on serum osmolarity, in the setting of hypernatremia
◉ Potassium imbalance. Answer: cardiac arrest is a complication
◉ foods high in potassium. Answer: avocado, banana, canteloupe,
broccoli and dried fruits
◉ Ways to reduce hyperkalemia. Answer: insulin, sodium bicarb,
kayexalate, diuretics
◉ Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs.. Answer: Classic tests/signs
that are indicative of hypocalcemia.
◉ 3 main causes of hypocalcemia. Answer: End-stage renal disease,
malabsorption, post thyroidectomy
