1|Page
NBME PATHOLOGY EXAM NEWEST 2024 WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (DETAILED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED TO PASS
CONCEPTS!!!
A cellular adaptation characterized by increased gene
activation leading to increased numbers of structural
proteins and organelles. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
Hypertrophy
A cellular adaptation characterized by proliferation of
stem cells leading to an increased total number of cells.
- ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Hyperplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in
tissue mass due to decrease size and/or number of cells.
- ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Atrophy
Describe the cellular process of muscle atrophy? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Initially due to decreased protein
synthesis and loss of fibrills/cell mass.
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Later stages there is apoptosis
A cellular adaptation characterized by replacement of
one cell type with another in response to stress.
Reversible if stressor is removed. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
Metaplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by disordered cell
growth with high malignant potential. Reversible if
stressor is removed. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Dysplasia
What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Na/K ATPase dysfunction
Membrane Blebbing
Chromatin Clumping
Decreased Protein synthesis (ribosome detachment)
What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Membrane Damage/Rupture
Rupture of Lysosomes
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Leak of cytosolic enzymes into serum
Mitochondrial permeability (cytochrome C release and
apoptosis)
Pyknosis-> Karyorrhexis -> Karyolysis
What is pyknosis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Nucleus turns
into blobs
"pick blobs"
What is karyorrhexis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ nuclear
fragmentation
What is Karyolysis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ dissolution
of nucleus (sign of necrosis)
What is necrosis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Disorganized
cell death
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This type of necrosis features cell shape and organ
structure preservation due to coagulation of proteins -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Coagulative necrosis
Where is coagulative necrosis seen? - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Wedge shaped infarcts of solid organs
NOT the Brain or Pancreas
This type of necrosis features enzymatic lysis of cells and
proteins due to release of neutrophil enzymes -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Liquefactive
When is liquefactive necrosis seen? - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Brain infarcts
Abscesses
Pancreatitis
This type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulative
necrosis that resembles tissue mummification (dry form),
commonly involving the lower extremities and GI tract.
NBME PATHOLOGY EXAM NEWEST 2024 WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS (DETAILED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED TO PASS
CONCEPTS!!!
A cellular adaptation characterized by increased gene
activation leading to increased numbers of structural
proteins and organelles. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
Hypertrophy
A cellular adaptation characterized by proliferation of
stem cells leading to an increased total number of cells.
- ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Hyperplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in
tissue mass due to decrease size and/or number of cells.
- ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Atrophy
Describe the cellular process of muscle atrophy? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Initially due to decreased protein
synthesis and loss of fibrills/cell mass.
,2|Page
Later stages there is apoptosis
A cellular adaptation characterized by replacement of
one cell type with another in response to stress.
Reversible if stressor is removed. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
Metaplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by disordered cell
growth with high malignant potential. Reversible if
stressor is removed. - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Dysplasia
What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Na/K ATPase dysfunction
Membrane Blebbing
Chromatin Clumping
Decreased Protein synthesis (ribosome detachment)
What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury? -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Membrane Damage/Rupture
Rupture of Lysosomes
,3|Page
Leak of cytosolic enzymes into serum
Mitochondrial permeability (cytochrome C release and
apoptosis)
Pyknosis-> Karyorrhexis -> Karyolysis
What is pyknosis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Nucleus turns
into blobs
"pick blobs"
What is karyorrhexis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ nuclear
fragmentation
What is Karyolysis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ dissolution
of nucleus (sign of necrosis)
What is necrosis? - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Disorganized
cell death
, 4|Page
This type of necrosis features cell shape and organ
structure preservation due to coagulation of proteins -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Coagulative necrosis
Where is coagulative necrosis seen? - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Wedge shaped infarcts of solid organs
NOT the Brain or Pancreas
This type of necrosis features enzymatic lysis of cells and
proteins due to release of neutrophil enzymes -
....ANSWER ....✔✔ Liquefactive
When is liquefactive necrosis seen? - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Brain infarcts
Abscesses
Pancreatitis
This type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulative
necrosis that resembles tissue mummification (dry form),
commonly involving the lower extremities and GI tract.
