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NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ 100%
GUARANTEED TO PASS CONCEPTS!!!.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from
ethanol causes: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Pyruvate -->
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents
gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3-
phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and
leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
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What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA.
Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA,
less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV
light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and
pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a
free radical
action potential - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Process of
conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
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Threshold potential - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Point at
which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an
action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential,
it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
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excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Occurs as a result of
decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation.
Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply,
nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Physiologic
atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase in SIZE of
cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused
by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases
in size
NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED
ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ 100%
GUARANTEED TO PASS CONCEPTS!!!.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from
ethanol causes: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Pyruvate -->
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents
gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3-
phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and
leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
,2|Page
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA.
Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA,
less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV
light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and
pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a
free radical
action potential - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Process of
conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,3|Page
Threshold potential - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Point at
which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an
action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential,
it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
, 4|Page
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Occurs as a result of
decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation.
Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply,
nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Physiologic
atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase in SIZE of
cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused
by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases
in size
