BIO 200 Exam 2 with precise detailed answers ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Viruses - correct answer✔✔-Are derived from the cells of living organisms and infect all
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cellular forms of life ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-evolve independently of other organisms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-not considered living organisms
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-cannot replicate on their own (are parasitic) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-caused by prion ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Virus Facts - correct answer✔✔-Protein coat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-DNA or RNA ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Circular or linear genetic material ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-single or double stranded ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-not cells (virons)
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Factors that make viral phylogeny difficult to resolve - correct answer✔✔-tiny size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-rapid mutation rate ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-there are no known fossil viruses ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-viruses are highly diverse ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryotic ||\\//||
Characteristics - correct answer✔✔-unicellular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-binary fission ||\\//||
-un-enclosed DNA, circular chromosome ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-no organelles
||\\//||
,-asexual ||\\//||
-Single stranded ||\\//||
-flagella: simple single fiber ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-small
-asexual ||\\//||
i. Cell wall: Ubiquitous (peptidoglycan or psuedomurein)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-differ in Bacteria: gram positive vs. gram negative
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Eukaryotic
Characteristics - correct answer✔✔-multicellular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Compartmentalized ||\\//||
-Sexual
-Chromosomes: Double membrane bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-mitosis and meiosis ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Recombination
-Complex Flagella ||\\//||
-No peptidoglycan
||\\//||
-typically larger ||\\//||
Horizontal Gene Transfer - correct answer✔✔movement of genetic material between ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distantly related organisms ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Vertical gene transfer - correct answer✔✔movement of genetic material between related
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organisms
Endosymbiotic Theory - correct answer✔✔theory that eukaryote organelles originated ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
through symbiosis between multiple micro-organisms.||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Negative-Sense RNA - correct answer✔✔RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for protein translation. EX: viruses that cause measles, mumps, rabies, and influenza.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Positive sense RNA - correct answer✔✔already set for translation; no replication of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genome to form a complement strand is needed before protein translation can take place.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Most abundant and diverse viruses. EX: polio, hepatitis C, and the common cold.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RNA Retroviruses - correct answer✔✔regenerate themselves by reverse transcription; when
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
it enters the nucleus of the host, viral reverse transcriptase produces complementary DNA
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(cDNA) from the viral RNA genome then replicates that single stranded cDNA to produce
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
double-stranded DNA. Only known to infect vertebrates. EX: HIV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Proviruses - correct answer✔✔integrated retroviral DNA ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Double Stranded RNA Viruses - correct answer✔✔evolved repeatedly from single stranded
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RNA ancestors or perhaps vice versa. Infect through the tree of life.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryotes - correct answer✔✔2/3's of the domains of the tree of life ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-oldest and simplest life forms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Aerobes - correct answer✔✔Need oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Anaerobes - correct answer✔✔poisoned by oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Autotrophs - correct answer✔✔Self feeders ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heterotrophs - correct answer✔✔other feeders that feed off of other organisms; obtain both ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
energy and carbon from other organisms: decomposers and the pathogens
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Photoautotrophs - correct answer✔✔critical to the change of atmosphere on earth ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemoautotrophs - correct answer✔✔break the bonds and capture the energy stored in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
these chemicals found at the sea floor near hot vents
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heat lovers - correct answer✔✔Hyperthermophilic bacteria and hadobacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cyanobacteria - correct answer✔✔-Critical photoautotrophs ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Blue and green bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Carry out the same photosynthesis are eukaryotes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Plants are derived from cyanobacteria ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Gram negative ||\\//||
-release oxygen into the atmosphere. May live free as single cells or associate in multicellular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
colonies.
||\\//||
Spirochetes - correct answer✔✔-have axial filaments and are common pathogens ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-muti-heterotrophs
-Rotate inside the spiral ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chlamydia's - correct answer✔✔-very small, parasitic and cocci ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-small ||\\//||
-gram negative ||\\//||
-cannot live independently ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-known as a STD ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Proteobacteria - correct answer✔✔-Have very diverse metabolic pathways ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Viruses - correct answer✔✔-Are derived from the cells of living organisms and infect all
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
cellular forms of life ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-evolve independently of other organisms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-not considered living organisms
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-cannot replicate on their own (are parasitic) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-caused by prion ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Virus Facts - correct answer✔✔-Protein coat
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-DNA or RNA ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Circular or linear genetic material ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-single or double stranded ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-not cells (virons)
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Factors that make viral phylogeny difficult to resolve - correct answer✔✔-tiny size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-rapid mutation rate ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-there are no known fossil viruses ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-viruses are highly diverse ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryotic ||\\//||
Characteristics - correct answer✔✔-unicellular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-binary fission ||\\//||
-un-enclosed DNA, circular chromosome ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-no organelles
||\\//||
,-asexual ||\\//||
-Single stranded ||\\//||
-flagella: simple single fiber ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-small
-asexual ||\\//||
i. Cell wall: Ubiquitous (peptidoglycan or psuedomurein)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-differ in Bacteria: gram positive vs. gram negative
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Eukaryotic
Characteristics - correct answer✔✔-multicellular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Compartmentalized ||\\//||
-Sexual
-Chromosomes: Double membrane bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-mitosis and meiosis ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Recombination
-Complex Flagella ||\\//||
-No peptidoglycan
||\\//||
-typically larger ||\\//||
Horizontal Gene Transfer - correct answer✔✔movement of genetic material between ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distantly related organisms ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Vertical gene transfer - correct answer✔✔movement of genetic material between related
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organisms
Endosymbiotic Theory - correct answer✔✔theory that eukaryote organelles originated ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
through symbiosis between multiple micro-organisms.||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Negative-Sense RNA - correct answer✔✔RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for protein translation. EX: viruses that cause measles, mumps, rabies, and influenza.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Positive sense RNA - correct answer✔✔already set for translation; no replication of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
genome to form a complement strand is needed before protein translation can take place.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Most abundant and diverse viruses. EX: polio, hepatitis C, and the common cold.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RNA Retroviruses - correct answer✔✔regenerate themselves by reverse transcription; when
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
it enters the nucleus of the host, viral reverse transcriptase produces complementary DNA
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(cDNA) from the viral RNA genome then replicates that single stranded cDNA to produce
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
double-stranded DNA. Only known to infect vertebrates. EX: HIV ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Proviruses - correct answer✔✔integrated retroviral DNA ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Double Stranded RNA Viruses - correct answer✔✔evolved repeatedly from single stranded
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
RNA ancestors or perhaps vice versa. Infect through the tree of life.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryotes - correct answer✔✔2/3's of the domains of the tree of life ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-oldest and simplest life forms ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Aerobes - correct answer✔✔Need oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Anaerobes - correct answer✔✔poisoned by oxygen ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Autotrophs - correct answer✔✔Self feeders ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heterotrophs - correct answer✔✔other feeders that feed off of other organisms; obtain both ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
energy and carbon from other organisms: decomposers and the pathogens
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, Photoautotrophs - correct answer✔✔critical to the change of atmosphere on earth ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chemoautotrophs - correct answer✔✔break the bonds and capture the energy stored in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
these chemicals found at the sea floor near hot vents
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heat lovers - correct answer✔✔Hyperthermophilic bacteria and hadobacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Cyanobacteria - correct answer✔✔-Critical photoautotrophs ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Blue and green bacteria
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Carry out the same photosynthesis are eukaryotes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Plants are derived from cyanobacteria ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Gram negative ||\\//||
-release oxygen into the atmosphere. May live free as single cells or associate in multicellular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
colonies.
||\\//||
Spirochetes - correct answer✔✔-have axial filaments and are common pathogens ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-muti-heterotrophs
-Rotate inside the spiral ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Chlamydia's - correct answer✔✔-very small, parasitic and cocci ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-small ||\\//||
-gram negative ||\\//||
-cannot live independently ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-known as a STD ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Proteobacteria - correct answer✔✔-Have very diverse metabolic pathways ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
