HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 261 MIDTERM EXAM WITH
BEST SOLUTIONS 2025
Potential energy - answer-stored energy (concentration
gradients and chemical bonds) must be converted to kinetic
energy to perform work (transformaton effeciency)
Kinetic energy - answer-energy of motion, work involves
movement
Activation Energy - answer-energy that is needed to get a
reaction started
*pay attention to the net free change in energy
Physiology - answer-The study of normal functioning of a
living organism and its component parts
Homeostasis - answer-Regulation of the body's internal
environment, by quickly, restoring, changed conditions and
returning back to normal.
maintains the internal stability of our bodies making sure we
don't deviate from normal. Deviation will lead to illness
,Teleological approach - answer-the function of the system is
explaining the why.
example would be that cells need oxygen, so red blood cells
bring it to them.
Mechanistic approach - answer-The process/mechanism
describes the how.
Example oxygen will bind to hemoglobin molecules within the
red blood cells
Pathophysiology - answer-Abnormal functioning systems
Negative feedback loop - answer-Stabilizes the variable. The
response. The stimulus.
Example, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and
fluid content
Positive feedback loop - answer-Reinforces the stimulus
Example childbirth
Levels of organization from
,Smallest to largest - answer-Atom, molecules, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, Organ, organ system, organism
What is the smallest functioning unit in the body? - answer-
Cell
What is a theory? - answer-A scientific opinion that was
replicated by other scientist it is supported by data on
multiple occasions
Hypothesis - answer-A scientific logical guess
Experimental design - answer-Observation
Hypothesis
Experimental data
Replication
Model
Theory
Independent variable - answer-What is changed
, dependent variable - answer-What is observed
Controlled variable - answer-What is kept the same
Crossover study - answer-You use the same person twice one
for placebo and one for the regular experiment
Placebo - answer-A treatment that appears real, but it's
designed I have no therapeutic benefit
Example giving someone a sugar pill
Nocebo - answer-A harmless substance or treatment that may
cause harmful. Side effects are worsening of symptoms,
because the patient thinks or believes they may occur or
expects them to occur.
Double blind studies - answer-A clinical trial, in which neither
the participants nor the researcher know which study group
the patients are in.
Double blind crossover studies - answer-A type of clinical trial,
in which neither the participants, nor the researchers, knows
BEST SOLUTIONS 2025
Potential energy - answer-stored energy (concentration
gradients and chemical bonds) must be converted to kinetic
energy to perform work (transformaton effeciency)
Kinetic energy - answer-energy of motion, work involves
movement
Activation Energy - answer-energy that is needed to get a
reaction started
*pay attention to the net free change in energy
Physiology - answer-The study of normal functioning of a
living organism and its component parts
Homeostasis - answer-Regulation of the body's internal
environment, by quickly, restoring, changed conditions and
returning back to normal.
maintains the internal stability of our bodies making sure we
don't deviate from normal. Deviation will lead to illness
,Teleological approach - answer-the function of the system is
explaining the why.
example would be that cells need oxygen, so red blood cells
bring it to them.
Mechanistic approach - answer-The process/mechanism
describes the how.
Example oxygen will bind to hemoglobin molecules within the
red blood cells
Pathophysiology - answer-Abnormal functioning systems
Negative feedback loop - answer-Stabilizes the variable. The
response. The stimulus.
Example, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, and
fluid content
Positive feedback loop - answer-Reinforces the stimulus
Example childbirth
Levels of organization from
,Smallest to largest - answer-Atom, molecules, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, Organ, organ system, organism
What is the smallest functioning unit in the body? - answer-
Cell
What is a theory? - answer-A scientific opinion that was
replicated by other scientist it is supported by data on
multiple occasions
Hypothesis - answer-A scientific logical guess
Experimental design - answer-Observation
Hypothesis
Experimental data
Replication
Model
Theory
Independent variable - answer-What is changed
, dependent variable - answer-What is observed
Controlled variable - answer-What is kept the same
Crossover study - answer-You use the same person twice one
for placebo and one for the regular experiment
Placebo - answer-A treatment that appears real, but it's
designed I have no therapeutic benefit
Example giving someone a sugar pill
Nocebo - answer-A harmless substance or treatment that may
cause harmful. Side effects are worsening of symptoms,
because the patient thinks or believes they may occur or
expects them to occur.
Double blind studies - answer-A clinical trial, in which neither
the participants nor the researcher know which study group
the patients are in.
Double blind crossover studies - answer-A type of clinical trial,
in which neither the participants, nor the researchers, knows
