BIOL 357 - Entomology Midterm Exam with verified ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed solutions ||\\//||
What fields contribute to entomology? - correct answer✔✔-Evolutionary biology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ecology
-Behavioural Ecology ||\\//||
-Genetics
-Developmental Biology ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Biophysics
Why use insects for experimentation? - correct answer✔✔- convenient - easy to maintain,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
quick generation time, reduced space requirements.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- ecological importance - wide range of feeding specializations and habitats.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- economic importance - some are considered pests while others are used for their benefits
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples of utilitarian uses for insects? - correct answer✔✔- commodities - honey and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
shellac ||\\//||
- pollinator services - bees
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- decomposition - termites, dung beetles, leaf shredders
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- natural enemies - lady bird beetles feed on aphids
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- diversity
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- used to create and dye fabric - silk worms and cochineal bugs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
why are insects so diverse? - correct answer✔✔- small size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- highly organized sensory system
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,- rapid reproductive rate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- intimate interactions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- flexible life cycle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- winged adults (reduces susceptibility to predators)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- flexible body plan (segments affected by natural selection)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How many times has powered flight evolved? - correct answer✔✔4 times:
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- insects ||\\//||
- pterosaurs
||\\//||
- birds ||\\//||
- bats ||\\//||
What are two questions involved with insect flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔structural -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what ancestral structures gave rise to insect wings?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
functional - what evolutionary pressures selected for flight? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three theories of structural flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔- Paranotal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
origin - wings began as outgrowths from thorax
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Pleural origin - pleura are thought to be modified basal limb segments (muscular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
articulation, blood supply, and nerves already present) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Dual origin - elements of both structures are incorporated in the insect wing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How would selection produce functional wings? - correct answer✔✔- Darwin suggested that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proto-wings preformed some non-flight function (function changed over time) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Wings started as gills - homologous with abdominal gills of mayfly nymphs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Functions of flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔- thermoregulation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, - protection
||\\//||
- sexual display
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- stabilizers for jumping
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- locomotion over water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do insects use wings for heat collection? - correct answer✔✔- dark wings
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- fuzzy bodies
||\\//|| ||\\//||
(thermoregulation equation) ||\\//||
What did Kingsolver and Koehl hypothesize? - correct answer✔✔- Found increasing wing size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
most benefited SMALL insects with respect to heat gain
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Found increasing wing length most benefited LARGE insects with respect to gliding ability
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Concluded that heat gain as a function couldn't smoothly lead to flight, unless small insects
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
were independently selected for and wing length followed allometrically
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What else did Kingsolver and Koehl look at in regard to heat accumulation as a function of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
wing number? - correct answer✔✔- Found that increasing wing number past 3 pairs did not
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
benefit the insect ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- primitive winged insects often exhibit the 6-winged condition
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do jumping bristletails (wingless) use their bristles to escape predators? (Yanoviak) -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔- jumping bristletails will jump from trees to avoid danger
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- bristles result in more successful gliding to the trunk of neighbouring trees
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do wings allow locomotion over water in Marden and Kramer's stoneflies? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔- Stoneflies maintain a sailing posture with wings and allow wind to push them ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
over the surface of the water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Sailing velocity was found to increase as wing length increased
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
detailed solutions ||\\//||
What fields contribute to entomology? - correct answer✔✔-Evolutionary biology
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Ecology
-Behavioural Ecology ||\\//||
-Genetics
-Developmental Biology ||\\//|| ||\\//||
-Biophysics
Why use insects for experimentation? - correct answer✔✔- convenient - easy to maintain,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
quick generation time, reduced space requirements.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- ecological importance - wide range of feeding specializations and habitats.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- economic importance - some are considered pests while others are used for their benefits
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Examples of utilitarian uses for insects? - correct answer✔✔- commodities - honey and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
shellac ||\\//||
- pollinator services - bees
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- decomposition - termites, dung beetles, leaf shredders
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- natural enemies - lady bird beetles feed on aphids
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- diversity
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- used to create and dye fabric - silk worms and cochineal bugs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
why are insects so diverse? - correct answer✔✔- small size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- highly organized sensory system
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,- rapid reproductive rate
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- intimate interactions
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- flexible life cycle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- winged adults (reduces susceptibility to predators)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- flexible body plan (segments affected by natural selection)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How many times has powered flight evolved? - correct answer✔✔4 times:
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- insects ||\\//||
- pterosaurs
||\\//||
- birds ||\\//||
- bats ||\\//||
What are two questions involved with insect flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔structural -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
what ancestral structures gave rise to insect wings?
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
functional - what evolutionary pressures selected for flight? ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the three theories of structural flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔- Paranotal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
origin - wings began as outgrowths from thorax
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Pleural origin - pleura are thought to be modified basal limb segments (muscular
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
articulation, blood supply, and nerves already present) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Dual origin - elements of both structures are incorporated in the insect wing
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How would selection produce functional wings? - correct answer✔✔- Darwin suggested that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
proto-wings preformed some non-flight function (function changed over time) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Wings started as gills - homologous with abdominal gills of mayfly nymphs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Functions of flight evolution? - correct answer✔✔- thermoregulation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, - protection
||\\//||
- sexual display
||\\//|| ||\\//||
- stabilizers for jumping
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- locomotion over water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do insects use wings for heat collection? - correct answer✔✔- dark wings
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- fuzzy bodies
||\\//|| ||\\//||
(thermoregulation equation) ||\\//||
What did Kingsolver and Koehl hypothesize? - correct answer✔✔- Found increasing wing size
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
most benefited SMALL insects with respect to heat gain
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Found increasing wing length most benefited LARGE insects with respect to gliding ability
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Concluded that heat gain as a function couldn't smoothly lead to flight, unless small insects
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
were independently selected for and wing length followed allometrically
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What else did Kingsolver and Koehl look at in regard to heat accumulation as a function of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
wing number? - correct answer✔✔- Found that increasing wing number past 3 pairs did not
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
benefit the insect ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- primitive winged insects often exhibit the 6-winged condition
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do jumping bristletails (wingless) use their bristles to escape predators? (Yanoviak) -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔- jumping bristletails will jump from trees to avoid danger
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- bristles result in more successful gliding to the trunk of neighbouring trees
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How do wings allow locomotion over water in Marden and Kramer's stoneflies? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔- Stoneflies maintain a sailing posture with wings and allow wind to push them ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
over the surface of the water
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
- Sailing velocity was found to increase as wing length increased
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
