PMT 4800V EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
Leadership Styles - Answers 1. Supervisory - directive; typically enables response to urgent
situations; hierarchal
2. Participative - collaborative
3. Team - inspires other team members from w/in and helps to create team spirit/
identity
Tenets of IPPD Categories - Answers 1. People
• Customer Focus
• Multidisciplinary Teamwork
• Empowerment
2. Processes
• Concurrent Development of Products and Processes
• Early and Continuous Life Cycle Planning
• Encourage Robust Design and Improved Process Capability
• Proactive Identification and Management of Risk
3. Tools
• Maximize Flexibility for Optimization and Use of Contractor Approaches
• Event-Driven Scheduling
• Seamless Management Tools
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers Individuals cannot perform at higher levels of
motivation unless and until lower
levels of needs hierarchy are met
McClellan's Three-Factor Theory - Answers 1. Need for achievement
2. Need for power
3. Need for affiliation
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory - Answers Dissastification or no satisfaction is attributable to
external factors, not job itself
,Expectancy Theory - Answers Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
• Expectancy - probability that individual's effort will lead to desired
performance
• Instrumentality - predicated on perceived performance-reward relationship
• Valence - value individually personally puts on rewards
Reinforcement Theory - Answers Reinforcers (positive and negative) control behavior
McGregor's Theory X - Answers Assume team members are not motivated, bad
McGregor's Theory Y - Answers Assume people are good
Team Life Cycle - Answers 1. Forming - initial growing pains of bringing people together
2. Storming - conflict as members resolve different points of view on team operations
3. Norming - team has agreed upon operating methods
4. Performing - focus on reaching team goals as opposed to focusing on team process
5. Adjourning - task complete
Prioritization Matrix - Answers Compare alternative using weighted scores for pre-selected
criteria
Creative Problem Solving - Answers Identify goal or challenge > gather relevant data > define
problem > generate solutions > select solution > develop plan to implement
Brainstorming - Answers Three methods - structured, unstructured, silent
Cause and Effect Diagram - Answers • Help analyze problem in increasing detail to identify all of
its causes, leading to discovery of roots causes
• Fishbone diagram
Force Field Analysis - Answers • Identify factors or forces that either support or work against a
desired outcome
• T shape diagram (chart) to capture driving forces and restraining forces
Histogram - Answers Graphically depict frequency distribution of data items
Scatter Diagram - Answers Graphically depict changes in two variables to determine if there is
relationship between them
, Affinity Diagram - Answers Help team generate large number of ideas or issues and organize
them into categories for further analysis, evaluation, decision or action
Pairwise Ranking - Answers Structured method for ranking small lists of items in priority order
Pareto Chart - Answers • Help identify and prioritize issues or problems, identify root causes, or
evaluate results of improvement areas
• Graphically displays frequency of occurrence of data items
Flow Chart - Answers Identify steps or tasks in a process
Deployment Flowchart - Answers Depicts a process and the individuals or team responsible for
the steps/actions in the process
Nominal Group Technique - Answers Rank or prioritize importance of issues, alternatives, or
processes
Responsibility Assignment Matrix - Answers Display actions, tasks, or assignments along w
responsibilities each individual has for them
Technology Readiness Assessment - Answers Systematic, metrics-based process that
assesses the maturity of, and risk associated with, critical technologies to be used in systems
Analogous Schedule Task Duration Estimate - Answers Uses schedule data from previous,
similar projects to determine estimated time to complete the task
Parametric Schedule Task Duration Estimate - Answers Uses statistical relationships
Three-point Schedule Task Duration Estimates - Answers Accounts for uncertainty
1. Optimistic (best base)
2. Pessimistic (worst case)
3. Most likely
Vertical Traceability - Answers Consistency of data between various levels of schedules (e.g.,
top level, intermediate, detailed)
Horizontal Traceability - Answers Work is planned in logical sequence considering
interdependencies among lower level detailed tasks
Analogy Cost Estimation - Answers • Use historical information from similar project; appropriate
very early in program life cycle when system is not yet fully defined
• MDD to MS A; compares new system w one or more existing systems for which there is
Leadership Styles - Answers 1. Supervisory - directive; typically enables response to urgent
situations; hierarchal
2. Participative - collaborative
3. Team - inspires other team members from w/in and helps to create team spirit/
identity
Tenets of IPPD Categories - Answers 1. People
• Customer Focus
• Multidisciplinary Teamwork
• Empowerment
2. Processes
• Concurrent Development of Products and Processes
• Early and Continuous Life Cycle Planning
• Encourage Robust Design and Improved Process Capability
• Proactive Identification and Management of Risk
3. Tools
• Maximize Flexibility for Optimization and Use of Contractor Approaches
• Event-Driven Scheduling
• Seamless Management Tools
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers Individuals cannot perform at higher levels of
motivation unless and until lower
levels of needs hierarchy are met
McClellan's Three-Factor Theory - Answers 1. Need for achievement
2. Need for power
3. Need for affiliation
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory - Answers Dissastification or no satisfaction is attributable to
external factors, not job itself
,Expectancy Theory - Answers Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
• Expectancy - probability that individual's effort will lead to desired
performance
• Instrumentality - predicated on perceived performance-reward relationship
• Valence - value individually personally puts on rewards
Reinforcement Theory - Answers Reinforcers (positive and negative) control behavior
McGregor's Theory X - Answers Assume team members are not motivated, bad
McGregor's Theory Y - Answers Assume people are good
Team Life Cycle - Answers 1. Forming - initial growing pains of bringing people together
2. Storming - conflict as members resolve different points of view on team operations
3. Norming - team has agreed upon operating methods
4. Performing - focus on reaching team goals as opposed to focusing on team process
5. Adjourning - task complete
Prioritization Matrix - Answers Compare alternative using weighted scores for pre-selected
criteria
Creative Problem Solving - Answers Identify goal or challenge > gather relevant data > define
problem > generate solutions > select solution > develop plan to implement
Brainstorming - Answers Three methods - structured, unstructured, silent
Cause and Effect Diagram - Answers • Help analyze problem in increasing detail to identify all of
its causes, leading to discovery of roots causes
• Fishbone diagram
Force Field Analysis - Answers • Identify factors or forces that either support or work against a
desired outcome
• T shape diagram (chart) to capture driving forces and restraining forces
Histogram - Answers Graphically depict frequency distribution of data items
Scatter Diagram - Answers Graphically depict changes in two variables to determine if there is
relationship between them
, Affinity Diagram - Answers Help team generate large number of ideas or issues and organize
them into categories for further analysis, evaluation, decision or action
Pairwise Ranking - Answers Structured method for ranking small lists of items in priority order
Pareto Chart - Answers • Help identify and prioritize issues or problems, identify root causes, or
evaluate results of improvement areas
• Graphically displays frequency of occurrence of data items
Flow Chart - Answers Identify steps or tasks in a process
Deployment Flowchart - Answers Depicts a process and the individuals or team responsible for
the steps/actions in the process
Nominal Group Technique - Answers Rank or prioritize importance of issues, alternatives, or
processes
Responsibility Assignment Matrix - Answers Display actions, tasks, or assignments along w
responsibilities each individual has for them
Technology Readiness Assessment - Answers Systematic, metrics-based process that
assesses the maturity of, and risk associated with, critical technologies to be used in systems
Analogous Schedule Task Duration Estimate - Answers Uses schedule data from previous,
similar projects to determine estimated time to complete the task
Parametric Schedule Task Duration Estimate - Answers Uses statistical relationships
Three-point Schedule Task Duration Estimates - Answers Accounts for uncertainty
1. Optimistic (best base)
2. Pessimistic (worst case)
3. Most likely
Vertical Traceability - Answers Consistency of data between various levels of schedules (e.g.,
top level, intermediate, detailed)
Horizontal Traceability - Answers Work is planned in logical sequence considering
interdependencies among lower level detailed tasks
Analogy Cost Estimation - Answers • Use historical information from similar project; appropriate
very early in program life cycle when system is not yet fully defined
• MDD to MS A; compares new system w one or more existing systems for which there is
