CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS NEW MODIFIED TESTED AND
APPROVED GRADED A+
3 domains of life --CORRECT ANSWER--bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes),
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes --CORRECT ANSWER---No nuclei, loosely organized, small, cell
wall + membrane
-Cytoplasmic component contains DNA, RNA, proteins
(EX. bacteria, archaea)
Gram positive --CORRECT ANSWER--have thick peptidoglycan layer above
inner membrane which traps dye between the strands, causing them to show up
in the gram test. (EX. Staphylococcal, Streptococcal)
Gram negative --CORRECT ANSWER--have very thin peptidoglycan layer
situated between inner and outer membranes. (EX. E.Coli, Salmonella)
Eukaryotes --CORRECT ANSWER---DNA in membrane enclosed nucleus
Page 1 of 92
,-Specialized cells
-Lack cell walls
-Compartmentalized interior
-Cytoskeleton
(EX. plants, animals, fungi, protozoa)
Robert Hooke --CORRECT ANSWER--discovered cells by looking at them
through a microscope
Matthias Schleiden --CORRECT ANSWER--concluded that all plants are made
of cells
Theodor Schwann --CORRECT ANSWER--concluded that all animals are
made of cells
Rudolf Virchow --CORRECT ANSWER--proposed that all cells originate from
another cell
-Virchows triad!
Properties of living cells --CORRECT ANSWER--1) genetic information stored
in 1-D sequences in DNA code for linear sequences of RNA
and 3-D structures of proteins
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,2) cell components self assemble
3) proteins need signals to move to right place
4) cell components move by diffusion, pumps, motors
5) cells respond to messages from the enironment
Janssen Brothers --CORRECT ANSWER--Invented the first compound
microscope in 1595 using a two lens eyepiece.
Light Microscope --CORRECT ANSWER--uses visible light and a system of
lenses to magnify images of small objects, good for bacteria and mitochondria
(500nm)
Electron microscope --CORRECT ANSWER--- Scanning E.M. (SEM) -
produce 3D structure imagery
- Transmission E.M. (TEM) produce 2D cross-sections
-> sample must be very thin, requires special preparation for E.M.
Dyes/Antibodies --CORRECT ANSWER---Antibodies labeled with fluorescent
dye detect specific target molecules (antigen), allow us to visualise proteins and
lipids in fixed cells
Page 3 of 92
, -Live cell imaging allows us to visualise cells in real time
Plasma membrane --CORRECT ANSWER--provides cell boundary and
prevents movement of materials in to and out of the cell.
Composed of lipids and proteins
Organelle membrane --CORRECT ANSWER--divide cytoplasm into
compartments
Properties of membranes --CORRECT ANSWER--1) form flexible continuous
barriers
2) selectively permeable
Composition of membranes --CORRECT ANSWER--1) Proteins
- provide membrane function
2) Lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol)
- provide structure and permeability barrier
Both proteins and lipids have a covalently linked oligosaccharide
(glycoproteins, glycolipids)
Phospholipid --CORRECT ANSWER---Amphiphatic (polar headgroup +
hydrophobic tail)
Page 4 of 92
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS NEW MODIFIED TESTED AND
APPROVED GRADED A+
3 domains of life --CORRECT ANSWER--bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes),
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes --CORRECT ANSWER---No nuclei, loosely organized, small, cell
wall + membrane
-Cytoplasmic component contains DNA, RNA, proteins
(EX. bacteria, archaea)
Gram positive --CORRECT ANSWER--have thick peptidoglycan layer above
inner membrane which traps dye between the strands, causing them to show up
in the gram test. (EX. Staphylococcal, Streptococcal)
Gram negative --CORRECT ANSWER--have very thin peptidoglycan layer
situated between inner and outer membranes. (EX. E.Coli, Salmonella)
Eukaryotes --CORRECT ANSWER---DNA in membrane enclosed nucleus
Page 1 of 92
,-Specialized cells
-Lack cell walls
-Compartmentalized interior
-Cytoskeleton
(EX. plants, animals, fungi, protozoa)
Robert Hooke --CORRECT ANSWER--discovered cells by looking at them
through a microscope
Matthias Schleiden --CORRECT ANSWER--concluded that all plants are made
of cells
Theodor Schwann --CORRECT ANSWER--concluded that all animals are
made of cells
Rudolf Virchow --CORRECT ANSWER--proposed that all cells originate from
another cell
-Virchows triad!
Properties of living cells --CORRECT ANSWER--1) genetic information stored
in 1-D sequences in DNA code for linear sequences of RNA
and 3-D structures of proteins
Page 2 of 92
,2) cell components self assemble
3) proteins need signals to move to right place
4) cell components move by diffusion, pumps, motors
5) cells respond to messages from the enironment
Janssen Brothers --CORRECT ANSWER--Invented the first compound
microscope in 1595 using a two lens eyepiece.
Light Microscope --CORRECT ANSWER--uses visible light and a system of
lenses to magnify images of small objects, good for bacteria and mitochondria
(500nm)
Electron microscope --CORRECT ANSWER--- Scanning E.M. (SEM) -
produce 3D structure imagery
- Transmission E.M. (TEM) produce 2D cross-sections
-> sample must be very thin, requires special preparation for E.M.
Dyes/Antibodies --CORRECT ANSWER---Antibodies labeled with fluorescent
dye detect specific target molecules (antigen), allow us to visualise proteins and
lipids in fixed cells
Page 3 of 92
, -Live cell imaging allows us to visualise cells in real time
Plasma membrane --CORRECT ANSWER--provides cell boundary and
prevents movement of materials in to and out of the cell.
Composed of lipids and proteins
Organelle membrane --CORRECT ANSWER--divide cytoplasm into
compartments
Properties of membranes --CORRECT ANSWER--1) form flexible continuous
barriers
2) selectively permeable
Composition of membranes --CORRECT ANSWER--1) Proteins
- provide membrane function
2) Lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol)
- provide structure and permeability barrier
Both proteins and lipids have a covalently linked oligosaccharide
(glycoproteins, glycolipids)
Phospholipid --CORRECT ANSWER---Amphiphatic (polar headgroup +
hydrophobic tail)
Page 4 of 92
