Anatomy & Physiology II 102: Module 1 Exam - all problem sets, questions and answers

Problem Set 1: 1. The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this. The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to the muscle and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the human body 2. List the 2 parts of the central nervous system. brain and spinal cord 3. How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? the skull protects the braun and the vertebrae protects the spinal cord 4. How do the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system interact? the central nervous system can can send signals and impulses from the peripheral system. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not included in the central NS which are the cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and spinal cord. 5. What is included in the peripheral nervous system? The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not included in the central NS which are the cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and spinal cord. 6. What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? The central nervous system can send signals or impulses to and receive impulses from the peripheral nervous system. 7. Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands via the motor or efferent division. 8. What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system? somatic system or autonomic system 9. What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? The somatic nerves control skeletal muscle, joints, and skin. The autonomic system nerves control the glands and smooth muscle of the internal organs and generally under conscious control 10. What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system 11. What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies 12. What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? lowers activity, operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy Problem Set 2: 13. Identify the parts of the neuron shown in the diagram below. 114. List the parts and functions of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The membranous labyrinth is divided into three sections the vestibule, the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule houses receptors which provide the body's balance system. The semicircular canals contribute to the body's balance and orientation. The cochlea is a spiral bony chamber houses the organ of Corti whichs initiate an action potential that is transmitted through the cochlear nerve to the brain for processing. 115. Explain the steps in the hearing process. Hearing is caused by (1) sound waves passing into the external auditory canal and (2) causing the ear drum to vibrate which (3) transmits the vibrations to the ossicles which (4) push against fluid in the cochlear duct which (5) causes the hairs in the organ of Corti to move which (6) stimulates nearby neurons to (7) send impulses through the cochlear nerve to the brain. 116. Identify the parts of the ear shown in the diagram below. 3 Aurical 4 Ear drum 6 malleus 7 incus 8 stapes 9 semicircular canals 10 cochlea 11 cochlear nerve Problem Set 13: 117. Why is smell classified as one of the chemical senses? Smell is one of the chemical senses because its receptors are activated by airborne chemical substances dissolved in fluid on the nasal mucous membranes. 118. Describe in detail the olfactory system. The olfactory epithelium contains millions of bipolar neuron receptor cells whose dendrite extends from the cell body to the surface of the epithelium where it terminates in a bulb from which arise many cilia called olfactory hairs. The olfactory hairs extend into a thin layer of mucus covering the surface of the epithelium in which airborne chemical substances dissolve in order to be detected. Several unmyelinated axons of olfactory neurons collect to form olfactory nerve fiber bundles which pass through the ethmoid bone in the roof of the nasal cavity and synapse with the olfactory nerve tract in the olfactory bulb. 119. List the 7 primary odors and give an example of each. floral (roses), ethereal dry cleaning fluid), camphoraceous (mothballs), musky (perfumes), pepperminty (mint gum), pungent (vinegar) and putrid (rotten eggs). Problem Set 14: 120. Why is taste classified as one of the chemical senses? Taste is one of the chemical senses because its receptors are activated by chemical substances dissolved in saliva. 121. Describe the cells that make up taste buds and their functions. Taste buds are composed of three types of epithelial cells: gustatory cells which are the chemoreceptors, supporting cells which form the bulk of the taste bud and separate the taste receptors cells from one another and the tongue epithelial cells and basal cells which serve as stem cells dividing and differentiating into supporting cells which then form new gustatory cells. 122. Explain in detail the taste process. Each taste bud sits in a taste pore from which long microvilli called gustatory hairs attached to the gustatory cells project into the saliva. Food chemicals contact the gustatory hairs which serve as the gustatory cell membranes generating an action potential in dendrites which are wrapped around the gustatory cells. The impulse is carried by afferent fibers to two cranial nerve pairs, the facial nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve which transmit the impulse to the thalamus and ultimately to the parietal lobe. 123. List the 5 primary tastes and give an example of each. sweet (sugar), salty (NaCl), sour (vinegar), bitter (aspirin) and savory (aged cheese).