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Fundamentals of Thermodynamics – 8th Edition (Borgnakke & Sonntag) – Comprehensive Study Summary and Reference Material

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This document provides a complete overview and study reference for Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 8th Edition by Borgnakke and Sonntag. It covers the major thermodynamic principles, including system definitions, properties of pure substances, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy, power and refrigeration cycles, and gas–vapor mixtures. The material is organized to support coursework, exam preparation, and conceptual understanding aligned with the textbook’s structure.

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BORGNAKKE t SONNTAG

Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics

8e

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xviii

,Fundamental Physical Constants

Avogadro N0 = 6.022 1415 × 1023 mol−1
Boltzmann k = 1.380 6505 × 10−23 J K−1
Planck h = 6.626 0693 × 10−34 Js
Gas Constant R = N0 k = 8.314 472 J mol−1 K−1
Atomic Mass Unit m0 = 1.660 538 86 × 10−27 kg
Velocity of light c = 2.997 924 58 × 108 ms−1
Electron Charge e = 1.602 176 53 × 10−19 C
Electron Mass me = 9.109 3826 × 10−31 kg
Proton Mass mp = 1.672 621 71 × 10−27 kg
Gravitation (Std.) g = 9.806 65 ms−2
Stefan Boltzmann σ = 5.670 400 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4
Mol here is gram mol.




Prefixes

10−1 deci d
10−2 centi c
10−3 milli m
10−6 micro μ
10−9 nano n
10−12 pico p
10−15 femto f
101 deka da
102 hecto h
103 kilo k
106 mega M
109 giga G
1012 tera T
1015 peta P




Concentration

10−6 parts per million ppm




i

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xviii

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