NURS 260 Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions with Actual Detailed
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size
why does hypertrophy occur - Answer Increase functional components, greater metabolic
demand and energy needs
how does hypertrophy help cell survive? - Answer · Increased number of mitochondria to
increase energy production
Increased actin and myosin filaments, enzymes, angiogenesis, and ATP production
examples of hypertrophy - Answer · Weight lifting
· Enlarged heart of athletes (physiological hypertrophy)
-HTN causes pathological cardiac hypertrophy because the heart is working harder. No
corresponding angiogenesis. Outgrows its supply of blood and is susceptible to ischemia
hyperplasia - Answer Increase in number of cells in tissue or organ
why does hyperplasia occur? - Answer Only occurs in cells capable of mitotic division such as
epithelial and glandular
stimulated by hormones or compensatory mechanisms
-overcompensation when regeneration is needed ex. keloid
examples of hyperplasia - Answer · Pregnancy stimulates hyperplasia in breast cells
· Keloids - maladaptive accumulation of epithelial cells as an overcompensation for wound
healing
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
atrophy - Answer Cells revert to smaller size
,how does atrophy help cell? - Answer Allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient
functioning that is compatible with survival
Examples of atrophy - Answer · Shrinking in UE paralysis
· Disuse or diminished workload
· Loss of hormonal stimulation
· Inadequate nutrition
· Ischemia
· Aging
metaplasia - Answer Replacement of one cell type by another
Why does metaplasia occur? - Answer Genetic reprogramming in response to a change in
environmental conditions
examples of metaplasia - Answer Chronic inflammation where substitution enables cell
survival
GERD: lower esophageal cells become inflamed and turn from squamous epithelium to
columnar stomach cells which have tolerance for stomach acid
dysplasia - Answer Deranged cell growth within a specific tissue
why does dysplasia occur? i - Answer inflammation or precancer
examples of dysplasia? - Answer cervical dysplasia
what is apoptosis? - Answer Apoptosis cells degenerate at a specific time with no adverse
effects on the body. Organized process that eliminates unwanted, unneeded, or damaged cells.
Occur in ovaries during menopause.
Overused - neurological degenerative. Underused - neoplasm
what is transplantation? - Answer The act of taking cells and organs from one person and
giving it to another.
, · Cellular swelling
· Pathological calcium deposits
cell injury - hypoxia - Answer · Oxygen deprivation
· Blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to the cells
· Causes cell to enter anaerobic metabolism which decreases the amount of ATP being made
which slows down the metabolism of the cell
Pyruvic acid formation from anaerobic metabolism changes to lactic acid which alters
biochemical activity
examples of hypoxia - Answer · Ischemia, most often caused by an obstruction of blood flow
which could be the result of atherosclerotic plaque and clots
· Anemia
· High altitude
· Pneumonia
· Suffocation
cell injury - free radical - Answer · Free radicals are reactive oxygen molecules that have one
unpaired electron which makes them unstable and increases reactivity with other molecules
· Made during normal cell process
· Cause degradation
· Able to get through the plasma membrane and disrupt organelles as well as damage DNA
examples of free radical injury - Answer · Oxidative stress, where the mechanism that removes
free radicals is overwhelmed
· Ischemic-reperfusion injury
Cell Injury - Infectious agents - Answer · Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Carry out processes that injure the cell
· HPV
· H. pylori
cell injury immunologic reactions - Answer · The immune system overreacts and attacks own
Questions with Actual Detailed
Answers 2025-2026 Edition.
hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size
why does hypertrophy occur - Answer Increase functional components, greater metabolic
demand and energy needs
how does hypertrophy help cell survive? - Answer · Increased number of mitochondria to
increase energy production
Increased actin and myosin filaments, enzymes, angiogenesis, and ATP production
examples of hypertrophy - Answer · Weight lifting
· Enlarged heart of athletes (physiological hypertrophy)
-HTN causes pathological cardiac hypertrophy because the heart is working harder. No
corresponding angiogenesis. Outgrows its supply of blood and is susceptible to ischemia
hyperplasia - Answer Increase in number of cells in tissue or organ
why does hyperplasia occur? - Answer Only occurs in cells capable of mitotic division such as
epithelial and glandular
stimulated by hormones or compensatory mechanisms
-overcompensation when regeneration is needed ex. keloid
examples of hyperplasia - Answer · Pregnancy stimulates hyperplasia in breast cells
· Keloids - maladaptive accumulation of epithelial cells as an overcompensation for wound
healing
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
atrophy - Answer Cells revert to smaller size
,how does atrophy help cell? - Answer Allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient
functioning that is compatible with survival
Examples of atrophy - Answer · Shrinking in UE paralysis
· Disuse or diminished workload
· Loss of hormonal stimulation
· Inadequate nutrition
· Ischemia
· Aging
metaplasia - Answer Replacement of one cell type by another
Why does metaplasia occur? - Answer Genetic reprogramming in response to a change in
environmental conditions
examples of metaplasia - Answer Chronic inflammation where substitution enables cell
survival
GERD: lower esophageal cells become inflamed and turn from squamous epithelium to
columnar stomach cells which have tolerance for stomach acid
dysplasia - Answer Deranged cell growth within a specific tissue
why does dysplasia occur? i - Answer inflammation or precancer
examples of dysplasia? - Answer cervical dysplasia
what is apoptosis? - Answer Apoptosis cells degenerate at a specific time with no adverse
effects on the body. Organized process that eliminates unwanted, unneeded, or damaged cells.
Occur in ovaries during menopause.
Overused - neurological degenerative. Underused - neoplasm
what is transplantation? - Answer The act of taking cells and organs from one person and
giving it to another.
, · Cellular swelling
· Pathological calcium deposits
cell injury - hypoxia - Answer · Oxygen deprivation
· Blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to the cells
· Causes cell to enter anaerobic metabolism which decreases the amount of ATP being made
which slows down the metabolism of the cell
Pyruvic acid formation from anaerobic metabolism changes to lactic acid which alters
biochemical activity
examples of hypoxia - Answer · Ischemia, most often caused by an obstruction of blood flow
which could be the result of atherosclerotic plaque and clots
· Anemia
· High altitude
· Pneumonia
· Suffocation
cell injury - free radical - Answer · Free radicals are reactive oxygen molecules that have one
unpaired electron which makes them unstable and increases reactivity with other molecules
· Made during normal cell process
· Cause degradation
· Able to get through the plasma membrane and disrupt organelles as well as damage DNA
examples of free radical injury - Answer · Oxidative stress, where the mechanism that removes
free radicals is overwhelmed
· Ischemic-reperfusion injury
Cell Injury - Infectious agents - Answer · Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Carry out processes that injure the cell
· HPV
· H. pylori
cell injury immunologic reactions - Answer · The immune system overreacts and attacks own
