Nephrology Exam||Newest Exam With
Over 350 Most Examinable Questions
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The kidneys are located where? -CORRECT ANSWER retroperitoneal space
Afferent arteriole carries blood where? -CORRECT ANSWER To the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole carries blood where? -CORRECT ANSWER Away from the
glomerulus
What are the jobs of the kidneys? -CORRECT ANSWER Regulate nitrogenous waste
Regulate electrolytes
Regulate BP and Fluid Status
Activation of Vitamin D
Calcium Management
Bone Health
Regulates Anemia via EPO produciton
Explain the flow of urine out of the kidney -CORRECT ANSWER Minor Calyces -->
Major Calyces --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureter --> Bladder --> Urethra
Where is the loop of henle? -CORRECT ANSWER Inner Medulla
Glomerulus and PCT are mostly where? -CORRECT ANSWER In the outer cortex of
the kidney
What are the 3 layers of the glomerulus within the Bowman's Capsule? -CORRECT
ANSWER Fenestrated Epithelium
Basement Membrane
Podocytes
What is normal GFR? -CORRECT ANSWER 125 mL/min
How many liters does the glomerulus filter per day? -CORRECT ANSWER 180 L/day
All of your blood is filtered every ____ minutes -CORRECT ANSWER 45
How do you calculate GFR? -CORRECT ANSWER (Urine creatinine/ 1440)/ (serum
creatinine)
,GFR X 100 =? -CORRECT ANSWER Creatinine Clearance
What is the main marker of kidney function? -CORRECT ANSWER Creatinine
How is creatinine formed? -CORRECT ANSWER Muscle breakdown
More creatinine in the blood =? -CORRECT ANSWER Less kidney function
Which part of the nephron absorbs 60% of filtered Na, Cl, K, H2O, and Ca? -CORRECT
ANSWER Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
The PCT absorbs 90% of what? -CORRECT ANSWER Bicarbonate (HCO3)
The descending limb of the loop of henle is water _____________ and solute
_____________ -CORRECT ANSWER permeable; impermeable
What is the Macula Densa? -CORRECT ANSWER The cells of the DCT that contain
chemoreceptors that detect low Na+ (low blood pressure) and low blood flow; releases
renin
The ascending limb of the loop of henle is water _____________ and solute
_____________ -CORRECT ANSWER impermeable; permeable
GFR can be maximized by ? -CORRECT ANSWER Dilating the afferent arterioles and
constricting the efferent arterioles
GFR is used to assess what? -CORRECT ANSWER Kidney Function
What is reabsorption? -CORRECT ANSWER Putting stuff back into the bloodstream
(peritubular capillaries) from the renal tubules
What is the site of greatest reabsorption in the nephron? -CORRECT ANSWER PCT
True or False: Flow of filtrate is opposite of blood -CORRECT ANSWER True (called
concurrent flow)
True or False: Electrolytes leave via active transport in the descending limb of the loop
of henle -CORRECT ANSWER False (No electrolytes leave the descending limb! Water
passively leaves here)
Why are ATP pumps required to actively transport ions back into the peritubular
capillaries? -CORRECT ANSWER Going against the concentration gradient (medulla is
already highly concentrated with ions)
, True or False: There is no movement of water in the ascending limb of the loop of henle
-CORRECT ANSWER True
Where does Furosemide (LASIX) work? -CORRECT ANSWER Na-K-2Cl transporter in
the ascending limb
Where do thiazide diuretics work? -CORRECT ANSWER Na/Cl cotransporter in the
DCT
True or False: The collecting duct gets waste from multiple nephrons -CORRECT
ANSWER True (nephrons share collecting ducts)
If ADH is high, the collecting duct is more ______ -CORRECT ANSWER porous
When ADH is present, what increases? -CORRECT ANSWER H2O Reabsorption (via
aquaporins)
Renin is released by? -CORRECT ANSWER Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole
What is the job of renin? -CORRECT ANSWER Breaks angiotensinogen (from the liver)
into angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiontensin II in the presence of what? -CORRECT
ANSWER Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme (ACE)
What are the functions of Angiotensin II? -CORRECT ANSWER Sodium Retention (via
aldosterone release)
Vasoconstriction
Increased Thirst
More CO
Aldosterone is released in the presence of what? -CORRECT ANSWER Angiotensin II
Aldosterone causes what? -CORRECT ANSWER Reabsorption of salt and water
distally in exchange for K+
There is decreased aldosterone production in ? -CORRECT ANSWER Diabetes and
CIN
What are some drugs that reduce aldosterone? -CORRECT ANSWER ACE-Inhibitors
NSAIDs
ARBs
Potassium is mostly _______________ -CORRECT ANSWER intracellular
Potassium must stay between ? -CORRECT ANSWER 3.5-5
Over 350 Most Examinable Questions
And Well Verified Correct
Answers||100% Guaranteed Pass
The kidneys are located where? -CORRECT ANSWER retroperitoneal space
Afferent arteriole carries blood where? -CORRECT ANSWER To the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole carries blood where? -CORRECT ANSWER Away from the
glomerulus
What are the jobs of the kidneys? -CORRECT ANSWER Regulate nitrogenous waste
Regulate electrolytes
Regulate BP and Fluid Status
Activation of Vitamin D
Calcium Management
Bone Health
Regulates Anemia via EPO produciton
Explain the flow of urine out of the kidney -CORRECT ANSWER Minor Calyces -->
Major Calyces --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureter --> Bladder --> Urethra
Where is the loop of henle? -CORRECT ANSWER Inner Medulla
Glomerulus and PCT are mostly where? -CORRECT ANSWER In the outer cortex of
the kidney
What are the 3 layers of the glomerulus within the Bowman's Capsule? -CORRECT
ANSWER Fenestrated Epithelium
Basement Membrane
Podocytes
What is normal GFR? -CORRECT ANSWER 125 mL/min
How many liters does the glomerulus filter per day? -CORRECT ANSWER 180 L/day
All of your blood is filtered every ____ minutes -CORRECT ANSWER 45
How do you calculate GFR? -CORRECT ANSWER (Urine creatinine/ 1440)/ (serum
creatinine)
,GFR X 100 =? -CORRECT ANSWER Creatinine Clearance
What is the main marker of kidney function? -CORRECT ANSWER Creatinine
How is creatinine formed? -CORRECT ANSWER Muscle breakdown
More creatinine in the blood =? -CORRECT ANSWER Less kidney function
Which part of the nephron absorbs 60% of filtered Na, Cl, K, H2O, and Ca? -CORRECT
ANSWER Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
The PCT absorbs 90% of what? -CORRECT ANSWER Bicarbonate (HCO3)
The descending limb of the loop of henle is water _____________ and solute
_____________ -CORRECT ANSWER permeable; impermeable
What is the Macula Densa? -CORRECT ANSWER The cells of the DCT that contain
chemoreceptors that detect low Na+ (low blood pressure) and low blood flow; releases
renin
The ascending limb of the loop of henle is water _____________ and solute
_____________ -CORRECT ANSWER impermeable; permeable
GFR can be maximized by ? -CORRECT ANSWER Dilating the afferent arterioles and
constricting the efferent arterioles
GFR is used to assess what? -CORRECT ANSWER Kidney Function
What is reabsorption? -CORRECT ANSWER Putting stuff back into the bloodstream
(peritubular capillaries) from the renal tubules
What is the site of greatest reabsorption in the nephron? -CORRECT ANSWER PCT
True or False: Flow of filtrate is opposite of blood -CORRECT ANSWER True (called
concurrent flow)
True or False: Electrolytes leave via active transport in the descending limb of the loop
of henle -CORRECT ANSWER False (No electrolytes leave the descending limb! Water
passively leaves here)
Why are ATP pumps required to actively transport ions back into the peritubular
capillaries? -CORRECT ANSWER Going against the concentration gradient (medulla is
already highly concentrated with ions)
, True or False: There is no movement of water in the ascending limb of the loop of henle
-CORRECT ANSWER True
Where does Furosemide (LASIX) work? -CORRECT ANSWER Na-K-2Cl transporter in
the ascending limb
Where do thiazide diuretics work? -CORRECT ANSWER Na/Cl cotransporter in the
DCT
True or False: The collecting duct gets waste from multiple nephrons -CORRECT
ANSWER True (nephrons share collecting ducts)
If ADH is high, the collecting duct is more ______ -CORRECT ANSWER porous
When ADH is present, what increases? -CORRECT ANSWER H2O Reabsorption (via
aquaporins)
Renin is released by? -CORRECT ANSWER Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole
What is the job of renin? -CORRECT ANSWER Breaks angiotensinogen (from the liver)
into angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiontensin II in the presence of what? -CORRECT
ANSWER Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme (ACE)
What are the functions of Angiotensin II? -CORRECT ANSWER Sodium Retention (via
aldosterone release)
Vasoconstriction
Increased Thirst
More CO
Aldosterone is released in the presence of what? -CORRECT ANSWER Angiotensin II
Aldosterone causes what? -CORRECT ANSWER Reabsorption of salt and water
distally in exchange for K+
There is decreased aldosterone production in ? -CORRECT ANSWER Diabetes and
CIN
What are some drugs that reduce aldosterone? -CORRECT ANSWER ACE-Inhibitors
NSAIDs
ARBs
Potassium is mostly _______________ -CORRECT ANSWER intracellular
Potassium must stay between ? -CORRECT ANSWER 3.5-5
