Biology 265 - Exam #1 Study Guide
Questions with Accurate Answers
Define the scope of the science of microbiology. - ANSWERSMicrobiology is the study
of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye, therefore it is the study of
microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, many algae and fungi, and protozoa.
Robert Hooke - ANSWERSCoined the term cell for describing biological organisms, the
term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to cells of a honeycomb. Also
hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for
Micrographia
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek - ANSWERSHe is commonly known as "the Father of
Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his
work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the
establishment of microbiology.
Francesco Redi - ANSWERSHe was the first person to challenge the theory of
spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
Rudolf Virchow - ANSWERSHe proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities
inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He regarded germ theory as hindrance to
prevention and cure. He considered social factors such as poverty as major cause of
diseases.
Louis Pasteur - ANSWERSFrench chemist and microbiologist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
Robert Koch - ANSWERSFounder of modern bacteriology, known for his role in
identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Created
Koch's postulates which are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship
between a microbe and a disease
Edward Jenner - ANSWERSFather of immunology and scientist who was the pioneer of
smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
Joseph Lister - ANSWERSPioneer of antiseptic surgery by applying Louis Pasteur's
advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile portable ports while working
at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
Paul Ehrlich - ANSWERSInvented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria.
The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between
, different types of blood cells, which led to the capability to diagnose numerous blood
diseases.
Alexander Fleming - ANSWERSBest-known for discovering the enzyme lysozyme in
1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the
mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1945.
What was the theory of spontaneous generation? How was this idea proven to be
incorrect? - ANSWERSIt was a theory that stated that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from nonliving matter. It was first proven false thanks to Francesco
Redi's fly experiment where he proved that if a jar filled with rotten meat is covered than,
no maggots would appear because flies could not land on the meat, therefore
confirming that the maggots do not spontaneously generate.
Define aseptic technique. - ANSWERSTechniques that prevent contamination by
unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many
medical procedures.
What is the "germ theory" of disease? - ANSWERSIt was the realization that physical
and chemical changes in organic materials cause changes in organic materials, in other
words that microorganisms might cause disease.
What are Koch's Postulates? - ANSWERS1. The same pathogen must be present in
every case of the disease.
2. The pathogen must be isolate from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into
a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be
the original organism.
Define immunity. How are immunity and vaccination related? - ANSWERSIt is the
protection from disease provided by vaccination or by the recovery from the disease
itself.
chemotherapy - ANSWERSIt is the treatment of disease by using chemical substances
antibiotics - ANSWERSChemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act
against other microorganisms.
synthetic drugs - ANSWERSChemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the
laboratory
Questions with Accurate Answers
Define the scope of the science of microbiology. - ANSWERSMicrobiology is the study
of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye, therefore it is the study of
microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, many algae and fungi, and protozoa.
Robert Hooke - ANSWERSCoined the term cell for describing biological organisms, the
term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to cells of a honeycomb. Also
hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for
Micrographia
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek - ANSWERSHe is commonly known as "the Father of
Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his
work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the
establishment of microbiology.
Francesco Redi - ANSWERSHe was the first person to challenge the theory of
spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
Rudolf Virchow - ANSWERSHe proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities
inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He regarded germ theory as hindrance to
prevention and cure. He considered social factors such as poverty as major cause of
diseases.
Louis Pasteur - ANSWERSFrench chemist and microbiologist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
Robert Koch - ANSWERSFounder of modern bacteriology, known for his role in
identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Created
Koch's postulates which are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship
between a microbe and a disease
Edward Jenner - ANSWERSFather of immunology and scientist who was the pioneer of
smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
Joseph Lister - ANSWERSPioneer of antiseptic surgery by applying Louis Pasteur's
advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile portable ports while working
at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
Paul Ehrlich - ANSWERSInvented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria.
The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between
, different types of blood cells, which led to the capability to diagnose numerous blood
diseases.
Alexander Fleming - ANSWERSBest-known for discovering the enzyme lysozyme in
1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the
mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1945.
What was the theory of spontaneous generation? How was this idea proven to be
incorrect? - ANSWERSIt was a theory that stated that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from nonliving matter. It was first proven false thanks to Francesco
Redi's fly experiment where he proved that if a jar filled with rotten meat is covered than,
no maggots would appear because flies could not land on the meat, therefore
confirming that the maggots do not spontaneously generate.
Define aseptic technique. - ANSWERSTechniques that prevent contamination by
unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many
medical procedures.
What is the "germ theory" of disease? - ANSWERSIt was the realization that physical
and chemical changes in organic materials cause changes in organic materials, in other
words that microorganisms might cause disease.
What are Koch's Postulates? - ANSWERS1. The same pathogen must be present in
every case of the disease.
2. The pathogen must be isolate from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into
a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be
the original organism.
Define immunity. How are immunity and vaccination related? - ANSWERSIt is the
protection from disease provided by vaccination or by the recovery from the disease
itself.
chemotherapy - ANSWERSIt is the treatment of disease by using chemical substances
antibiotics - ANSWERSChemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act
against other microorganisms.
synthetic drugs - ANSWERSChemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the
laboratory
