GCU BIO322 Exam 1 (Pathophysiology)
Questions and Answers Graded A+
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Correct answer-X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic - Correct answer-unknown cause
Iatrogenic - Correct answer-produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial - Correct answer-infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections - Correct answer-1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors - Correct answer-age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
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,SOAP - Correct answer-subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical
exam), assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic - Correct answer-Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex.
dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
3 Electrolytes to know: - Correct answer-Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation - Correct answer-heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function
Hyperemia - Correct answer-redness of the skin due to increased blood flow,
causes heat in the area
Atrophy - Correct answer-decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - Correct answer-increase in cell size, increased work demand on
hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
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, Hyperplasia - Correct answer-increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular
division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia - Correct answer-reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another less mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia - Correct answer-abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or
organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury - Correct answer-- Hypoxic injury (lack of
Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
Nutritional Imbalances - Correct answer-excesses or deficiencies
- Saturated Fats - Atherosclerosis
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Questions and Answers Graded A+
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Correct answer-X-LINKED RECESSIVE
XmY = Affected
XmX = Female, Carrier
Gower sign
calf pseudohypertrophy, lordosis
Increase in Creatine Kinase
Idiopathic - Correct answer-unknown cause
Iatrogenic - Correct answer-produced by treatment (ex. chemo)
Noscomial - Correct answer-infection acquired in a hospital
2 most common nosocomial infections - Correct answer-1. UTI
2. Pneumonia
Predisposing Factors - Correct answer-age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,SOAP - Correct answer-subjective (chief complain), objective (vitals/physical
exam), assessment (diagnosis), plan
Hypertonic & Hypotonic - Correct answer-Hypertonic: Cells shrink (ex.
dehydration)
Hypotonic: Cells swell (ex. inflammation - edema)
3 Electrolytes to know: - Correct answer-Sodium: wants to come in
Potassium: wants to leave
Calcium: wants to come in
5 signs of inflammation - Correct answer-heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function
Hyperemia - Correct answer-redness of the skin due to increased blood flow,
causes heat in the area
Atrophy - Correct answer-decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - Correct answer-increase in cell size, increased work demand on
hormones
ex. cardiomegaly due to Hypertension
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Hyperplasia - Correct answer-increase in number of cells, increased rate of cellular
division
ex. BPH, callus
Metaplasia - Correct answer-reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another less mature cell type
ex. Barret's esophagus, Bronchial metaplasia
Dysplasia - Correct answer-abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or
organs
ex. cervical dysplasia as seen on pap smear
Cell stressors = causes of cell injury - Correct answer-- Hypoxic injury (lack of
Oxygen) - MCC
- Unintentional/Intentional physical trauma
- Free radicals & reactive oxygen species (ROS) - oxidative stress
- Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
- Nutritional Imbalances (Kwashiorkor, Vit. A toxicity)
Nutritional Imbalances - Correct answer-excesses or deficiencies
- Saturated Fats - Atherosclerosis
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
