NSC 3361 Final Exam Questions
Complete Study Guide Set Frequently
Tested Questions And 100% Correct
Answers
\.Movements - Answer-✔Simple reflexes with brief muscle activation
EX: eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch
\.Acts (action patterns) - Answer-✔Complex, sequential movements
EX: honking car horn, writing name, playing guitar
\.Motor plan (motor program) - Answer-✔Set of muscle commands established *before* the
action occurs
\.Motoric - Answer-✔Most of brain movement
Preparing to move, moving, correcting movement
Point of brain = guide movement
\.Control mechanisms - Answer-✔Optimize accuracy and speed
1. Open-loop control
2. Closed-loop control
,\.Open-loop - Answer-✔Maximizes *speed*
No guiding external feedback
*Ballistic movements*
\.Ballistic movements - Answer-✔*Open-Loop Control System*
Advantage: fast
Disadvantage: not accurate, till carried out despite errors
-Less attention
-Doesn't require sensory feedback
-All-or-nothing
-For *well-learned acts*
\.closed-loop - Answer-✔Maximizes *accuracy*
External feedback guides movement
Fine movements
Disadvantage: slow
Processes sensory feedback
*Ramp movements*
\.Ramp movements - Answer-✔*Closed-Loop Control System*
aka smooth movements
slower, sustained motions guided by feedback
Good for learning *new* skills
\.hierarchy of motor control - Answer-✔skeletal system & muscles
,spinal cord
brainstem
primary motor cortex
nonprimary motor cortex
cerebellum & basal ganglisa
\.motor cortex - Answer-✔plans, initiates, directs *voluntary* movement
Inhibits reflex behaviors so they don't interfere w/ voluntary movements
\.primary motor cortex - Answer-✔*initiates commands* for action
Changes as a result of *learning*
EX: early music training = expansion of motor cortex
\.nonprimary motor cortex - Answer-✔*initiates cortical processing*
Anterior to M1/primary motor cortex
1. *SMA encodes*
2.* Premotor cortex fire before*
\.brainstem (movement) - Answer-✔*Integrates motor commands*
-basic movements & postural control
\.skeletal system & muscles - Answer-✔power movement
\.spinal cord - Answer-✔controls skeletal muscles
, \.upper motor neurons - Answer-✔from brain to spinal cord to dorsal horn
\.lower motor neurons - Answer-✔dorsal horn to muscle (where synapses out of CNS)
\.antagonists - Answer-✔Muscles that *contract* when other extends
At rest, muscles = balanced
EX: biceps and triceps
You're trying to pick up something and bicep contracts, what's that?
\.Tremor - Answer-✔Alternation of flexor-extensor contraction
when two muscles *don't contract correctly*
-present normally but poor regulation = debilitating
\.synergists - Answer-✔muscles that act *together*
\.muscle fibers - Answer-✔Contains 2 kinds of regulary arranged, overlapping filaments
*Actin = thin filament*
*Myosin = thick filament*
EX: Contraction shortens fiber length
\.slow-twitch fibers - Answer-✔*1st* to be recruited
Disadvantage: Contract *slowly*
Advantage: *Resist fatigue*
Red
Complete Study Guide Set Frequently
Tested Questions And 100% Correct
Answers
\.Movements - Answer-✔Simple reflexes with brief muscle activation
EX: eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch
\.Acts (action patterns) - Answer-✔Complex, sequential movements
EX: honking car horn, writing name, playing guitar
\.Motor plan (motor program) - Answer-✔Set of muscle commands established *before* the
action occurs
\.Motoric - Answer-✔Most of brain movement
Preparing to move, moving, correcting movement
Point of brain = guide movement
\.Control mechanisms - Answer-✔Optimize accuracy and speed
1. Open-loop control
2. Closed-loop control
,\.Open-loop - Answer-✔Maximizes *speed*
No guiding external feedback
*Ballistic movements*
\.Ballistic movements - Answer-✔*Open-Loop Control System*
Advantage: fast
Disadvantage: not accurate, till carried out despite errors
-Less attention
-Doesn't require sensory feedback
-All-or-nothing
-For *well-learned acts*
\.closed-loop - Answer-✔Maximizes *accuracy*
External feedback guides movement
Fine movements
Disadvantage: slow
Processes sensory feedback
*Ramp movements*
\.Ramp movements - Answer-✔*Closed-Loop Control System*
aka smooth movements
slower, sustained motions guided by feedback
Good for learning *new* skills
\.hierarchy of motor control - Answer-✔skeletal system & muscles
,spinal cord
brainstem
primary motor cortex
nonprimary motor cortex
cerebellum & basal ganglisa
\.motor cortex - Answer-✔plans, initiates, directs *voluntary* movement
Inhibits reflex behaviors so they don't interfere w/ voluntary movements
\.primary motor cortex - Answer-✔*initiates commands* for action
Changes as a result of *learning*
EX: early music training = expansion of motor cortex
\.nonprimary motor cortex - Answer-✔*initiates cortical processing*
Anterior to M1/primary motor cortex
1. *SMA encodes*
2.* Premotor cortex fire before*
\.brainstem (movement) - Answer-✔*Integrates motor commands*
-basic movements & postural control
\.skeletal system & muscles - Answer-✔power movement
\.spinal cord - Answer-✔controls skeletal muscles
, \.upper motor neurons - Answer-✔from brain to spinal cord to dorsal horn
\.lower motor neurons - Answer-✔dorsal horn to muscle (where synapses out of CNS)
\.antagonists - Answer-✔Muscles that *contract* when other extends
At rest, muscles = balanced
EX: biceps and triceps
You're trying to pick up something and bicep contracts, what's that?
\.Tremor - Answer-✔Alternation of flexor-extensor contraction
when two muscles *don't contract correctly*
-present normally but poor regulation = debilitating
\.synergists - Answer-✔muscles that act *together*
\.muscle fibers - Answer-✔Contains 2 kinds of regulary arranged, overlapping filaments
*Actin = thin filament*
*Myosin = thick filament*
EX: Contraction shortens fiber length
\.slow-twitch fibers - Answer-✔*1st* to be recruited
Disadvantage: Contract *slowly*
Advantage: *Resist fatigue*
Red
