Biol 4161 Final Study Guide exam with ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ||\\||\\
What species is used in this lab? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔Xenopus laevis
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What are the three Rs? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔1. Replacement 2. Refinement 3. Reduction
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Describe the three Rs. (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔1. An effort must be made to *replace* the use of
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animals with alternative methods when possible. 2. In the case that animals are used, every effort should be
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made to *refine* experimental procedures to eliminate or minimize pain and discomfort. 3. In the case that
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animals are used, every effort should be made to *reduce* the number of animals used.
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What's IACUC? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
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oversees the ethical treatment of animals in scientific research and teaching.
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What is required at the beginning of each class period regarding the PowerLab? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔1. Login into the computer using your PAWS ID and password. 2. Connect any necessary devices ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
into the PowerLab. 3. Turn on the PowerLab by flipping the power switch located on the back panel. 4.
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Open LabChart7. 5. If the manual specifies that you open a specific experiment file, then follow the provided
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instructions. If not simply close, the LabChart Welcome Center to begin recording.
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What unit of measurement should be used to report average finger pulse wave amplitude? (Acquisition) -
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correct answer✔✔mV ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What exactly is the finger pulse transducer measuring? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔The finger pulse
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transducer is measuring the force of the left ventricle to pump blood through the circulatory system.
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Do you see multiple peaks during each pulse? If so, which one should you measure? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔No, we did not see multiple peaks in every pulse. If we did see multiple peaks, I would measure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the first peak. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What unit of measurement is assigned to finger pulse amplitude? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔V or mV
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,Does it make sense to report finger pulse amplitude using this particular unit of measurement? Why or why
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not? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔No, it does not make sense to report finger pulse amplitude in V or
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mV because a finger pulse is a force, so it should be measured in g or N.
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What is the function of the PowerLab data acquisition unit? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔The PowerLab
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acquisition unit converts a mechanical or electrical signal (collected with an accessory device such as the
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pulse transducer) into a digital signal.
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Where should you place the marker and cursor to measure the duration of one finger pulse? (Acquisition) -
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correct answer✔✔You should place the marker and cursor from trough to trough to measure the duration
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of one finger pulse.
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What units should you use to report pulse duration? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔s
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Are there multiple ways to calculate heart rate? If so, what do you think is the most accurate way to
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calculate heartrate? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔Yes, there are multiple ways to measure heart rate.
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The most accurate way to calculate heartrate would be in beats/minute.
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What units should you use to report heart rate? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔beats/minute
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How could you report heart rate as a mean value? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔You could take three
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replicates of heart rate and take the mean of those replicates. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What type of graph should you use? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔A bar graph should be used.
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Could you also include finger pulse duration on the same graph? Why or why not? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔No, finger pulse cannot be included on the same graph because finger pulse amplitude is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
measured in mV while finger pulse duration is measured in s. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What is the general format of a lab report? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔Lab reports should be
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double-spaced and include subsections. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What sections should a whole lab report include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔1. Title 2. Abstract 3.
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Introduction 4. Methods 5. Results (Written Narrative + Figures) 6. Discussion 7. Literature Cited ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What is the purpose of a lab report? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The purpose of a lab report is to
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communicate your experimental findings to the reader. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, What should the title include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The title should be a descriptive
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statement that by itself gives the reader a good idea what the paper is about. The title for every lab report
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should include an original title as well as the scientific name of the organism used in the experiment.
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What is an abstract? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔An abstract is a brief stand-alone summary that
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clearly describes what you did, why you did it, what you found, and the significance of your findings.
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What should the abstract include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The abstract should be one page or
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less. The first two sentences should introduce the topic. Your findings should be summarized. Lastly, there
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should be some indication as to why the experiment was performed.
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What should the introduction include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The introduction should describe
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the purpose behind the report and provide relevant background information. This information should be
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written to an audience of peers. In this section, you must define and explain specific scientific terms and
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topics and provide a clear objectives statement that states what was investigated and why.
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What is the objectives statement? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The objectives statement states what
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was investigated and why.
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What should the methods include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The purpose of the methods section
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is to explain your experimental design thoroughly enough to follow duplication. Methods should be written
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as a narrative in the past tense. Details such as the composition of solutions, how much of a particular
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solution was added, and in what way that solution was added should be included.
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What should the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The results section should
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include your data. There should always be written results and figures.
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What should the written narrative of the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The
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written narrative is the written portion of the results that should take the reader by the hand and lead them
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through the results. The data should be reported in terms of trends. If the data in the written narrative is
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illustrated in a figure, you must reference the reader to the appropriate figure. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What should the figures of the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔All figures in this
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course will be graphs. The graphs should include labeled x and y axes with appropriate units. If mean values
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are reported, then error bars must be included to indicate standard deviation.
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What is the difference between a line graph and a bar graph? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔Bar
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graphs are used to compare the amplitude of a given variable between discrete (discontinuous) experimental
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groups. This type of data is often referred to as categorical. Line graphs are used to reveal trends within a
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continuous data set. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ||\\||\\
What species is used in this lab? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔Xenopus laevis
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What are the three Rs? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔1. Replacement 2. Refinement 3. Reduction
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Describe the three Rs. (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔1. An effort must be made to *replace* the use of
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animals with alternative methods when possible. 2. In the case that animals are used, every effort should be
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made to *refine* experimental procedures to eliminate or minimize pain and discomfort. 3. In the case that
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animals are used, every effort should be made to *reduce* the number of animals used.
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What's IACUC? (Ethics) - correct answer✔✔The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
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oversees the ethical treatment of animals in scientific research and teaching.
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What is required at the beginning of each class period regarding the PowerLab? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔1. Login into the computer using your PAWS ID and password. 2. Connect any necessary devices ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
into the PowerLab. 3. Turn on the PowerLab by flipping the power switch located on the back panel. 4.
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Open LabChart7. 5. If the manual specifies that you open a specific experiment file, then follow the provided
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instructions. If not simply close, the LabChart Welcome Center to begin recording.
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What unit of measurement should be used to report average finger pulse wave amplitude? (Acquisition) -
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correct answer✔✔mV ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What exactly is the finger pulse transducer measuring? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔The finger pulse
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transducer is measuring the force of the left ventricle to pump blood through the circulatory system.
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Do you see multiple peaks during each pulse? If so, which one should you measure? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔No, we did not see multiple peaks in every pulse. If we did see multiple peaks, I would measure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the first peak. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What unit of measurement is assigned to finger pulse amplitude? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔V or mV
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,Does it make sense to report finger pulse amplitude using this particular unit of measurement? Why or why
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not? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔No, it does not make sense to report finger pulse amplitude in V or
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mV because a finger pulse is a force, so it should be measured in g or N.
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What is the function of the PowerLab data acquisition unit? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔The PowerLab
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acquisition unit converts a mechanical or electrical signal (collected with an accessory device such as the
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pulse transducer) into a digital signal.
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Where should you place the marker and cursor to measure the duration of one finger pulse? (Acquisition) -
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correct answer✔✔You should place the marker and cursor from trough to trough to measure the duration
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of one finger pulse.
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What units should you use to report pulse duration? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔s
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Are there multiple ways to calculate heart rate? If so, what do you think is the most accurate way to
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calculate heartrate? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔Yes, there are multiple ways to measure heart rate.
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The most accurate way to calculate heartrate would be in beats/minute.
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What units should you use to report heart rate? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔beats/minute
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How could you report heart rate as a mean value? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔You could take three
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replicates of heart rate and take the mean of those replicates. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What type of graph should you use? (Acquisition) - correct answer✔✔A bar graph should be used.
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Could you also include finger pulse duration on the same graph? Why or why not? (Acquisition) - correct
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answer✔✔No, finger pulse cannot be included on the same graph because finger pulse amplitude is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
measured in mV while finger pulse duration is measured in s. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What is the general format of a lab report? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔Lab reports should be
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double-spaced and include subsections. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What sections should a whole lab report include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔1. Title 2. Abstract 3.
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Introduction 4. Methods 5. Results (Written Narrative + Figures) 6. Discussion 7. Literature Cited ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What is the purpose of a lab report? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The purpose of a lab report is to
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communicate your experimental findings to the reader. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, What should the title include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The title should be a descriptive
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statement that by itself gives the reader a good idea what the paper is about. The title for every lab report
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should include an original title as well as the scientific name of the organism used in the experiment.
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What is an abstract? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔An abstract is a brief stand-alone summary that
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clearly describes what you did, why you did it, what you found, and the significance of your findings.
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What should the abstract include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The abstract should be one page or
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less. The first two sentences should introduce the topic. Your findings should be summarized. Lastly, there
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should be some indication as to why the experiment was performed.
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What should the introduction include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The introduction should describe
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the purpose behind the report and provide relevant background information. This information should be
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written to an audience of peers. In this section, you must define and explain specific scientific terms and
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topics and provide a clear objectives statement that states what was investigated and why.
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What is the objectives statement? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The objectives statement states what
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was investigated and why.
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What should the methods include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The purpose of the methods section
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is to explain your experimental design thoroughly enough to follow duplication. Methods should be written
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as a narrative in the past tense. Details such as the composition of solutions, how much of a particular
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solution was added, and in what way that solution was added should be included.
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What should the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The results section should
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include your data. There should always be written results and figures.
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What should the written narrative of the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔The
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written narrative is the written portion of the results that should take the reader by the hand and lead them
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through the results. The data should be reported in terms of trends. If the data in the written narrative is
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illustrated in a figure, you must reference the reader to the appropriate figure. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
What should the figures of the results section include? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔All figures in this
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course will be graphs. The graphs should include labeled x and y axes with appropriate units. If mean values
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are reported, then error bars must be included to indicate standard deviation.
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What is the difference between a line graph and a bar graph? (Writing Guide) - correct answer✔✔Bar
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graphs are used to compare the amplitude of a given variable between discrete (discontinuous) experimental
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groups. This type of data is often referred to as categorical. Line graphs are used to reveal trends within a
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continuous data set. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
