Psychology in society
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
1. What are the fundamentals of harsh bases of power: Use economic and physical
outcomes
Work with outcomes that are more tangible and explicit
Rely upon power differentials that are more obvious
More likely to exist when power is illegitimate- e.g. leader is not supported or chosen by public
Require surveillance
2. What are the fundamentals for soft bases of power: Use social outcomes
Work with outcomes that are more subjective and intangible
Rely upon power differentials that may be less obvious- may need to understand social scene more intimately
Are not weaker than harsh bases of power
Tend to produce influence that is self-sustaining
3. What are Raven's 6 types of power: Coercive
Reward
Legitimate
Informational
Expert
Referent
4. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are harsh and what do they mean: Coercive-
the ability to give or threaten punishment for non-compliance
Reward- the ability to give or promise rewards for compliance
5. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are both harsh and soft and what do they
mean: Legitimate- the target's belief that the influencer is authorized by a recognized power structure to command
and make decisions
6. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are soft and what do they mean: Informational-
the target's belief that the influencer has more information than oneself
Expert- the target's belief that the influencer has generally greater expertise and knowledge than oneself
Referent- identification with, attraction to or respect for the source of influence
7. What does the approach theory of power state: Those with high power tend to have approach
related tendencies
-attention to rewards
-positive emotions
-automatic cognition
, Psychology in society
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
-disinhibition
-state/trait driven behavior
8. What does the inhibition theory of power state: Those with low power tend to have inhibition
related tendencies
-attention to threats
-negative emotions
-systematic controlled cognition
-inhibition
-situationally constrained behavior
9. How does power affect people's basal cortisol levels and cortisol: When feeling
powerful, people tend to have lower basal cortisol levels and lower cortisol reactivity to stressors
10. What was found in first experiment by Galinsky looking at if power changes
one's likelihood to take action: Had a high or low power position during task, where participants would
be manager or builder of Lego structure
Following this carried out a game of blackjack, where players can ask for additional cards to reach 21, idea was that
high power in game will be more likely to ask for cards
Found those in high power condition took more cards
11. What was found in second experiment by Galinsky looking at if power
changes one's likelihood to take action: Had participants describe situations in which they were
in high or low power positions, were then allocated to either allocate lottery tickets or to predict allocation
Following this were placed in a room with an annoying fan
Those who had high power position initially (allocating lottery tickets) dealt with the fan
12. What was found in third experiment by Galinsky looking at if power changes
one's likelihood to take action: Looked at both positive and negative actions in task- get to choose how
much money you put in pot and pot gets multiplied and shared to group OR other game where there is pot and can
choose to take money out of it before it gets multiplied and shared
Thus being a prosocial vs antisocial action
Participants where asked "how much do you want to take from the pool" and "how much do you want to return to pool"
High power people should take both actions as they are prone to taking action
Found those in high power condition took and returned more money
13. What is dominance: The degree of deference, respect and attention one receives as a consequence of
the perceived ability to coerce, intimidate and impose costs and benefits
, Psychology in society
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
14. What is prestige: The degree of deference, respect, and attention an individual receives as consequence
of the perceived attractiveness as a cultural model or coalition partner
15. What did Cheng et al find when investigating if prestigious or dominant
people were more influential within small groups: Usage of Lunar landing task- e.g. given
problem related to space ship- ranking what best item to bring is vs items that won't help you
1) participants completed the Lunar Landing task alone
2) participants completed the Lunar Landing task in a group
Measures-
1) group members rated each other's dominance (afraid of) and prestige (respect), third-parties also evaluated this
2) looked at behavioral change regarding how much were group decisions moved toward each individual's rankings
3) looked at third party eye gaze, to whom did third-party gaze follow
RESULTS-
-Both dominance and prestige independently predict influence
-Both independently predict visual attention toward the dominant or prestigious target
16. What did Maner and Mead find in study investigating if when position of
power is unstable, do dominance-motivated individuals act in their own self-in-
terest to maintain power: 3 conditions- stable, unstable (you are leader, but could be reassigned based
on performance) and control (equal authority)
Teams complete a puzzle and each player could be granted clues by computer.
Dependent variable was that participants could secretly select clue quality for each member of their group- will unstable
leadership withhold information just to look better and retain position of power?
RESULTS-
High dominance unstable leadership gave worse clues to team members- sabotaging performance of group overall
17. What did Maner and Mead find in experiment investigating if unstable lead-
ership would lead dominance-motivated individuals to exclude highly-skilled
group members: Had pre-task where all participants took test and got arbitrary scores- told received high
score, one other player also received high score and was told who this was.
Participants told they could choose how much they felt other participants should be excluded
If want to do well, should want to keep highly skilled members in group, but may want to kick them out to maintain
leadership to maintain high performance
RESULTS-
High dominance- unstable leadership led dominance more likely to exclude highly skilled group members
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
1. What are the fundamentals of harsh bases of power: Use economic and physical
outcomes
Work with outcomes that are more tangible and explicit
Rely upon power differentials that are more obvious
More likely to exist when power is illegitimate- e.g. leader is not supported or chosen by public
Require surveillance
2. What are the fundamentals for soft bases of power: Use social outcomes
Work with outcomes that are more subjective and intangible
Rely upon power differentials that may be less obvious- may need to understand social scene more intimately
Are not weaker than harsh bases of power
Tend to produce influence that is self-sustaining
3. What are Raven's 6 types of power: Coercive
Reward
Legitimate
Informational
Expert
Referent
4. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are harsh and what do they mean: Coercive-
the ability to give or threaten punishment for non-compliance
Reward- the ability to give or promise rewards for compliance
5. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are both harsh and soft and what do they
mean: Legitimate- the target's belief that the influencer is authorized by a recognized power structure to command
and make decisions
6. Which of Raven's 6 types of power are soft and what do they mean: Informational-
the target's belief that the influencer has more information than oneself
Expert- the target's belief that the influencer has generally greater expertise and knowledge than oneself
Referent- identification with, attraction to or respect for the source of influence
7. What does the approach theory of power state: Those with high power tend to have approach
related tendencies
-attention to rewards
-positive emotions
-automatic cognition
, Psychology in society
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
-disinhibition
-state/trait driven behavior
8. What does the inhibition theory of power state: Those with low power tend to have inhibition
related tendencies
-attention to threats
-negative emotions
-systematic controlled cognition
-inhibition
-situationally constrained behavior
9. How does power affect people's basal cortisol levels and cortisol: When feeling
powerful, people tend to have lower basal cortisol levels and lower cortisol reactivity to stressors
10. What was found in first experiment by Galinsky looking at if power changes
one's likelihood to take action: Had a high or low power position during task, where participants would
be manager or builder of Lego structure
Following this carried out a game of blackjack, where players can ask for additional cards to reach 21, idea was that
high power in game will be more likely to ask for cards
Found those in high power condition took more cards
11. What was found in second experiment by Galinsky looking at if power
changes one's likelihood to take action: Had participants describe situations in which they were
in high or low power positions, were then allocated to either allocate lottery tickets or to predict allocation
Following this were placed in a room with an annoying fan
Those who had high power position initially (allocating lottery tickets) dealt with the fan
12. What was found in third experiment by Galinsky looking at if power changes
one's likelihood to take action: Looked at both positive and negative actions in task- get to choose how
much money you put in pot and pot gets multiplied and shared to group OR other game where there is pot and can
choose to take money out of it before it gets multiplied and shared
Thus being a prosocial vs antisocial action
Participants where asked "how much do you want to take from the pool" and "how much do you want to return to pool"
High power people should take both actions as they are prone to taking action
Found those in high power condition took and returned more money
13. What is dominance: The degree of deference, respect and attention one receives as a consequence of
the perceived ability to coerce, intimidate and impose costs and benefits
, Psychology in society
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e5eld4
14. What is prestige: The degree of deference, respect, and attention an individual receives as consequence
of the perceived attractiveness as a cultural model or coalition partner
15. What did Cheng et al find when investigating if prestigious or dominant
people were more influential within small groups: Usage of Lunar landing task- e.g. given
problem related to space ship- ranking what best item to bring is vs items that won't help you
1) participants completed the Lunar Landing task alone
2) participants completed the Lunar Landing task in a group
Measures-
1) group members rated each other's dominance (afraid of) and prestige (respect), third-parties also evaluated this
2) looked at behavioral change regarding how much were group decisions moved toward each individual's rankings
3) looked at third party eye gaze, to whom did third-party gaze follow
RESULTS-
-Both dominance and prestige independently predict influence
-Both independently predict visual attention toward the dominant or prestigious target
16. What did Maner and Mead find in study investigating if when position of
power is unstable, do dominance-motivated individuals act in their own self-in-
terest to maintain power: 3 conditions- stable, unstable (you are leader, but could be reassigned based
on performance) and control (equal authority)
Teams complete a puzzle and each player could be granted clues by computer.
Dependent variable was that participants could secretly select clue quality for each member of their group- will unstable
leadership withhold information just to look better and retain position of power?
RESULTS-
High dominance unstable leadership gave worse clues to team members- sabotaging performance of group overall
17. What did Maner and Mead find in experiment investigating if unstable lead-
ership would lead dominance-motivated individuals to exclude highly-skilled
group members: Had pre-task where all participants took test and got arbitrary scores- told received high
score, one other player also received high score and was told who this was.
Participants told they could choose how much they felt other participants should be excluded
If want to do well, should want to keep highly skilled members in group, but may want to kick them out to maintain
leadership to maintain high performance
RESULTS-
High dominance- unstable leadership led dominance more likely to exclude highly skilled group members
