NUA 361 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest 2025
intracellular fluid - Answers 2/3 of fluid in the body most of which is located in the skeletal
muscle
extracellular fluid - Answers 1/3rd of fluid in the body, which consists of intravascular, interstitial,
and transcellular fluid
intravascular fluid - Answers 3.5L is plasma, 2.5 L are RBCs and WBCs; total of 6L
interstitial fluid - Answers space between the cells, tissues, organs, and blood vessels; 10 L in an
adult
transcellular fluid - Answers 1L located in cerebrospinal space, pericardial space, intraocular
space, pleural and peritoneal cavity
Which fluid volume affects blood pressure? - Answers intravascular
less than 100 - Answers If systolic blood pressure is at this level, then it is considered low and
the patient likely needs CPR
osmolality - Answers number of solutes per kilogram
osmolarity - Answers number of solutes per liter
What type of fluid in the body is lost first? - Answers Extracellular fluid, specifically interstitial
fluid
What symptom occurs when intracellular fluid is lost? - Answers Confusion due to brain cells
shrinking
Clinical s/s of third spacing - Answers hypotension, tachycardia, low CVP (>2)
third spacing - Answers Resembles fluid volume deficit, but there is weight gain and a higher
intake than output (decreased UOP despite adequate fluid intake)
How to treat third spacing: - Answers give fluid
Common causes of third spacing - Answers burns, trauma (massive bleeding into joint or cavity),
sepsis (ex. peritonitis), bowel obstruction
Hydrostatic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by fluid on walls of blood vessel; pushes fluid
out of capillary toward ICF (push out of capillary)
Osmotic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by solutes within plasma; pulls fluid into capillary
from ICF (pull in to capillary)
Oncotic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by albumin within the bloodstream that pulls fluid
, into the capillary
low albumin results in - Answers decreased pressure on the capillary walls, which causes
edema
protein (albumin) - Answers treatment for edema when there is low albumin in the bloodstream
Crystalloids - Answers clear IV fluids that are used to temporarily replace fluid loss; often used
temporarily because they are cheaper and easier to administer
Types of Crystalloids - Answers NS, D5W, LR (all isotonic)
Colloids - Answers replace fluid loss; require a written prescription; much more expensive
Types of colloids - Answers albumin, hetastarch, dextran, blood, plasma
Isotonic - Answers fluid moves back and forth to maintain equilibrium
Hypotonic - Answers cells swell (ex. .45% NS)
Hypertonic - Answers cells shrink/shrivel (ex. 3% NS); given only in the ICU/ emergencies as
giving this solution could result in pulmonary edema so listen to lung sounds
5% dextrose and water (D5W) - Answers the moment this is infused it becomes hypotonic,
because insulin takes dextrose and puts it in cells and then we are just infusing water causing
cellular edema
increased intracranial pressure (ICP) - Answers avoid cellular edema (from hypotonic solution
for example) as it can worsen this
5-15 - Answers normal ICP
hypertonic saline - Answers can be used to decrease cerebral edema (decreases ICP)
0.5 mL/kg/hr - Answers the minimum the body can excrete to rid toxins
diffusion - Answers natural tendency of a substance to move from high to low concentration
filtration - Answers hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries filter fluid out of intravascular to
interstitial; occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic
pressure
sodium-potassium pump - Answers maintains gradient of low intracellular sodium and high
extracellular; maintain low extracellular potassium and high intracellular potassium; uses energy
(active transport)
insensible loss - Answers the loss of fluid that we cannot measure; cannot measure from skin,
lungs, or GI tract
intracellular fluid - Answers 2/3 of fluid in the body most of which is located in the skeletal
muscle
extracellular fluid - Answers 1/3rd of fluid in the body, which consists of intravascular, interstitial,
and transcellular fluid
intravascular fluid - Answers 3.5L is plasma, 2.5 L are RBCs and WBCs; total of 6L
interstitial fluid - Answers space between the cells, tissues, organs, and blood vessels; 10 L in an
adult
transcellular fluid - Answers 1L located in cerebrospinal space, pericardial space, intraocular
space, pleural and peritoneal cavity
Which fluid volume affects blood pressure? - Answers intravascular
less than 100 - Answers If systolic blood pressure is at this level, then it is considered low and
the patient likely needs CPR
osmolality - Answers number of solutes per kilogram
osmolarity - Answers number of solutes per liter
What type of fluid in the body is lost first? - Answers Extracellular fluid, specifically interstitial
fluid
What symptom occurs when intracellular fluid is lost? - Answers Confusion due to brain cells
shrinking
Clinical s/s of third spacing - Answers hypotension, tachycardia, low CVP (>2)
third spacing - Answers Resembles fluid volume deficit, but there is weight gain and a higher
intake than output (decreased UOP despite adequate fluid intake)
How to treat third spacing: - Answers give fluid
Common causes of third spacing - Answers burns, trauma (massive bleeding into joint or cavity),
sepsis (ex. peritonitis), bowel obstruction
Hydrostatic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by fluid on walls of blood vessel; pushes fluid
out of capillary toward ICF (push out of capillary)
Osmotic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by solutes within plasma; pulls fluid into capillary
from ICF (pull in to capillary)
Oncotic pressure - Answers pressure exerted by albumin within the bloodstream that pulls fluid
, into the capillary
low albumin results in - Answers decreased pressure on the capillary walls, which causes
edema
protein (albumin) - Answers treatment for edema when there is low albumin in the bloodstream
Crystalloids - Answers clear IV fluids that are used to temporarily replace fluid loss; often used
temporarily because they are cheaper and easier to administer
Types of Crystalloids - Answers NS, D5W, LR (all isotonic)
Colloids - Answers replace fluid loss; require a written prescription; much more expensive
Types of colloids - Answers albumin, hetastarch, dextran, blood, plasma
Isotonic - Answers fluid moves back and forth to maintain equilibrium
Hypotonic - Answers cells swell (ex. .45% NS)
Hypertonic - Answers cells shrink/shrivel (ex. 3% NS); given only in the ICU/ emergencies as
giving this solution could result in pulmonary edema so listen to lung sounds
5% dextrose and water (D5W) - Answers the moment this is infused it becomes hypotonic,
because insulin takes dextrose and puts it in cells and then we are just infusing water causing
cellular edema
increased intracranial pressure (ICP) - Answers avoid cellular edema (from hypotonic solution
for example) as it can worsen this
5-15 - Answers normal ICP
hypertonic saline - Answers can be used to decrease cerebral edema (decreases ICP)
0.5 mL/kg/hr - Answers the minimum the body can excrete to rid toxins
diffusion - Answers natural tendency of a substance to move from high to low concentration
filtration - Answers hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries filter fluid out of intravascular to
interstitial; occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic
pressure
sodium-potassium pump - Answers maintains gradient of low intracellular sodium and high
extracellular; maintain low extracellular potassium and high intracellular potassium; uses energy
(active transport)
insensible loss - Answers the loss of fluid that we cannot measure; cannot measure from skin,
lungs, or GI tract
