Penology - Chapter 4 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Deterrence is based on the notion that people consciously do which of the following? - Answers
avoid pain and seek pleasure
Which of the following is an example of general deterrence? - Answers Adam is punished so
that Ryan is scared to commit a crime
Which of the following is not a problem that deterrence theory faces? - Answers the correctional
system does not always want to inflict pain
Which of the following is an example of specific deterrence? - Answers Sara is punished so that
she will stop engaging in criminal behavior
Which of the following is an example of a macro-level study? - Answers measuring whether the
size of the police department in an area affects crime rates
Which of the following describes the ecological fallacy? - Answers the use of macro-level data
to make incorrect statements about individuals
Which of the following is not listed as an especially relevant factor when measuring the
influence of deterrence on criminal behavior? - Answers family or societal reactions to
punishment
The study by Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster (2005) examined a national sample of youth to see
if being arrested affected perceptions of the certainty of punishment. Which of the following
statements about their findings is true? - Answers arrests had little effect on perceptions of the
certainty of punishment
In general, advocates of deterrence focus almost exclusively on manipulating which of the
following? - Answers the costs of crime through punishment
If deterrence theory is correct, then punishment should work best—and be most easily detected
in research—when it is applied to which of the following? - Answers offenders within the
correctional system
According to Pratt et al. (2006), which of the following statements about their review of 40
studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true? - Answers bivariate studies
substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence
Which of the following factors is true and helped to make the RAND intensive supervision
programs (ISP) study a criminological classic on the effects of deterrence? - Answers the study
used an experimental design in which offenders were randomly assigned to intensive
supervision, regular supervision, or to prison
Which of the following is not an example of an intermediate punishment implemented in the
Deterrence is based on the notion that people consciously do which of the following? - Answers
avoid pain and seek pleasure
Which of the following is an example of general deterrence? - Answers Adam is punished so
that Ryan is scared to commit a crime
Which of the following is not a problem that deterrence theory faces? - Answers the correctional
system does not always want to inflict pain
Which of the following is an example of specific deterrence? - Answers Sara is punished so that
she will stop engaging in criminal behavior
Which of the following is an example of a macro-level study? - Answers measuring whether the
size of the police department in an area affects crime rates
Which of the following describes the ecological fallacy? - Answers the use of macro-level data
to make incorrect statements about individuals
Which of the following is not listed as an especially relevant factor when measuring the
influence of deterrence on criminal behavior? - Answers family or societal reactions to
punishment
The study by Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster (2005) examined a national sample of youth to see
if being arrested affected perceptions of the certainty of punishment. Which of the following
statements about their findings is true? - Answers arrests had little effect on perceptions of the
certainty of punishment
In general, advocates of deterrence focus almost exclusively on manipulating which of the
following? - Answers the costs of crime through punishment
If deterrence theory is correct, then punishment should work best—and be most easily detected
in research—when it is applied to which of the following? - Answers offenders within the
correctional system
According to Pratt et al. (2006), which of the following statements about their review of 40
studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true? - Answers bivariate studies
substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence
Which of the following factors is true and helped to make the RAND intensive supervision
programs (ISP) study a criminological classic on the effects of deterrence? - Answers the study
used an experimental design in which offenders were randomly assigned to intensive
supervision, regular supervision, or to prison
Which of the following is not an example of an intermediate punishment implemented in the
