PSIO 202 exam 1 questions with
complete answers
Endocrine vs. Nervous system - ANS ✔✔Endocrine:
Messenger: Hormones (chemical signals).
Speed of response: Slower (seconds to days).
Duration of effect: Long-lasting (minutes to weeks).
Pathway: Hormones are released into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells with
specific receptors.
Control type: Widespread, affecting multiple tissues and organs simultaneously.
Nervous:
Messenger: Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.
Speed of response: Very fast (milliseconds).
Duration of effect: Short-lived (fractions of a second to a few seconds).
Pathway: Direct communication between neurons and target cells (muscles, glands, neurons).
Control type: Localized, precise, and specific.
Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis - ANS ✔✔A control mechanism in which a change in
a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, keeping
conditions within a normal range.
Example (endocrine): If blood glucose rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin → cells
take up glucose → blood sugar returns to normal → insulin secretion decreases.
Example (nervous): If body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating and
vasodilation → temperature drops → the hypothalamus reduces those signals.
Major Organs of the Endocrine System - ANS ✔✔pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, Thymus
,Distribution of Endocrine Functions in the Body - ANS ✔✔Unlike the nervous system, which
communicates with specific, targeted neurons, the endocrine system works through hormones
released into the bloodstream. These hormones travel throughout the body but only affect
target cells with specific receptors
Short answer: Throughout the body
Peptide Hormones - ANS ✔✔Chains of amino acids, Water soluble, Bind to cell surface
receptors, Dissolve easily in blood plasma → do not require carrier proteins, Activate second
messenger systems (e.g., cAMP, calcium ions).
Steroid Hormones - ANS ✔✔Derived from cholesterol, Lipid soluble, Bind to Intracellular
receptors, Cannot dissolve in plasma → require carrier proteins for transport.
Why Second Messengers Are Needed - ANS ✔✔Water soluble hormones cannot cross the lipid
cell membrane, because of this they bind to receptors outside of the cell, this creates a cascade
of events inside the cell through second messengers.
Role of Hormones in Second Messenger Activation - ANS ✔✔1. Hormone binds to receptor (first
messenger)
2. Receptor activates a G protein or enzyme
3. Production of second messenger molecules: cAMP, calcium ions (Ca2+)
4. Amplification of the signal
5. Cellular response occurs
Structural Relationship Between Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland - ANS ✔✔The
hypothalamus is located in the brain, just above the pituitary gland, They are physically
connected by the infundibulum (a stalk of tissue). the pituitary gland has two lobes (anterior
and posterior)
, Anterior pituitary gland is made out of... - ANS ✔✔glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary gland is made out of... - ANS ✔✔nervous tissue
functional relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland - ANS ✔✔The hypothalamus
controls the pituitary through neural and hormonal connections.
1. Anterior pituitary- indirect control via hormones. These hormones travel through the
hypophyseal portal system (a special blood vessel network) to the anterior pituitary.
2. Posterior pituitary- direct neural control. Posterior pituitary hormones are actually made in
the hypothalamus then, travel down axons through the infundibulum and are stored in the
posterior pituitary.
What are Tropic Hormones - ANS ✔✔Tropic hormones are hormones that target other
endocrine glands, stimulating them to grow or secrete their own hormones.
Key Tropic Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary - ANS ✔✔TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone),
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing
Hormone).
Tropic Cascade Examples - ANS ✔✔Anterior Pituitary: FSH & LH
Gonads: Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) → regulate reproduction and
secondary sex characteristics
Anterior Pituitary: TSH
Thyroid Gland: T₃ and T₄ (thyroid hormones) → regulate metabolism
Hypothalamic Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones → Anterior Pituitary Hormones - ANS ✔✔- TRH
(Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) → stimulates TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
- CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) → stimulates - ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
complete answers
Endocrine vs. Nervous system - ANS ✔✔Endocrine:
Messenger: Hormones (chemical signals).
Speed of response: Slower (seconds to days).
Duration of effect: Long-lasting (minutes to weeks).
Pathway: Hormones are released into the bloodstream and act on distant target cells with
specific receptors.
Control type: Widespread, affecting multiple tissues and organs simultaneously.
Nervous:
Messenger: Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.
Speed of response: Very fast (milliseconds).
Duration of effect: Short-lived (fractions of a second to a few seconds).
Pathway: Direct communication between neurons and target cells (muscles, glands, neurons).
Control type: Localized, precise, and specific.
Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis - ANS ✔✔A control mechanism in which a change in
a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, keeping
conditions within a normal range.
Example (endocrine): If blood glucose rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin → cells
take up glucose → blood sugar returns to normal → insulin secretion decreases.
Example (nervous): If body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating and
vasodilation → temperature drops → the hypothalamus reduces those signals.
Major Organs of the Endocrine System - ANS ✔✔pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, Thymus
,Distribution of Endocrine Functions in the Body - ANS ✔✔Unlike the nervous system, which
communicates with specific, targeted neurons, the endocrine system works through hormones
released into the bloodstream. These hormones travel throughout the body but only affect
target cells with specific receptors
Short answer: Throughout the body
Peptide Hormones - ANS ✔✔Chains of amino acids, Water soluble, Bind to cell surface
receptors, Dissolve easily in blood plasma → do not require carrier proteins, Activate second
messenger systems (e.g., cAMP, calcium ions).
Steroid Hormones - ANS ✔✔Derived from cholesterol, Lipid soluble, Bind to Intracellular
receptors, Cannot dissolve in plasma → require carrier proteins for transport.
Why Second Messengers Are Needed - ANS ✔✔Water soluble hormones cannot cross the lipid
cell membrane, because of this they bind to receptors outside of the cell, this creates a cascade
of events inside the cell through second messengers.
Role of Hormones in Second Messenger Activation - ANS ✔✔1. Hormone binds to receptor (first
messenger)
2. Receptor activates a G protein or enzyme
3. Production of second messenger molecules: cAMP, calcium ions (Ca2+)
4. Amplification of the signal
5. Cellular response occurs
Structural Relationship Between Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland - ANS ✔✔The
hypothalamus is located in the brain, just above the pituitary gland, They are physically
connected by the infundibulum (a stalk of tissue). the pituitary gland has two lobes (anterior
and posterior)
, Anterior pituitary gland is made out of... - ANS ✔✔glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary gland is made out of... - ANS ✔✔nervous tissue
functional relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland - ANS ✔✔The hypothalamus
controls the pituitary through neural and hormonal connections.
1. Anterior pituitary- indirect control via hormones. These hormones travel through the
hypophyseal portal system (a special blood vessel network) to the anterior pituitary.
2. Posterior pituitary- direct neural control. Posterior pituitary hormones are actually made in
the hypothalamus then, travel down axons through the infundibulum and are stored in the
posterior pituitary.
What are Tropic Hormones - ANS ✔✔Tropic hormones are hormones that target other
endocrine glands, stimulating them to grow or secrete their own hormones.
Key Tropic Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary - ANS ✔✔TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone),
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing
Hormone).
Tropic Cascade Examples - ANS ✔✔Anterior Pituitary: FSH & LH
Gonads: Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) → regulate reproduction and
secondary sex characteristics
Anterior Pituitary: TSH
Thyroid Gland: T₃ and T₄ (thyroid hormones) → regulate metabolism
Hypothalamic Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones → Anterior Pituitary Hormones - ANS ✔✔- TRH
(Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone) → stimulates TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
- CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) → stimulates - ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
